Criminal Law & The Canadian Criminal Code Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Law & The Canadian Criminal Code - Essay Example Being found in a bawdy house is a summary offence and the offender faces a maximum term of six months in prison and/or a $2000 fine (sections 210 (2) and 211). Simply stated, prostitution crimes are mainly focused on those acts committed in public. This includes but is not limited by a prostitute stopping a car in traffic or approaching a prospective client in the street and offering sexual services. (section 213(1)). 2. Under the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act in Canada, a person commits an offence under section 4, when he fails, to exercise control properly over a person under their effective command and control or fails to effectuate authority and control over their watch and as a result that person who is supposed to be under their watch commits an offence under section 6;(b), and further, the military commander knows, or is criminally negligent in failing to know, that the person is about to commit or is committing such an offence. Thus the two elements that must be present are first that there is an active war and second that the person during this time, a person under the control or dominion of the soldier is committing a crime. 3. "Conduct is negligen

Principles of logistics and supply chain management Assignment

Principles of logistics and supply chain management - Assignment Example Supply-chain management deals with regulating the relationships of the business with the stakeholders in order to enhance the quality of services at affordable prices throughout the supply chain. Effective logistics is the core requirement in the enhance customer satisfaction in the supply-chain process. The business should have a detailed coordination of complex operations that involve facilities, suppliers, and organizational publics. Understanding the background of the business environment is necessary as an initial process of principles of logistics and supply chain. The findings from the case study analysis help the concerned stakeholders to create proper recommendations and conclusions for future running of the business. This paper will focus on Kellogg’s, a national distribution center in the Pacific Asia region to analyze the business situation. Analysis of the business and key findings from the case study will help in answering the case study questions. Introduction A ccording to Murphy and Wood (2011, p.20), logistics is one of the primary requirements of a country’s economic growth. Logistics creates utility to goods and services, and in the process, it helps to satisfy human wants. Utility is the ability of a commodity to satisfy a given need or want. Murphy and Wood (2011) further identified four types of utility, which are possession utility, form utility, place utility, and time utility. These four types of utility must be organized to interact in the supply-chain process in order to create usefulness of commodities. Logistics activities add value goods and services, especially through time and place utilities. This makes warehousing an essential part of the logistics system, although warehousing is rapidly being replaced distribution centers. Supply chain comprises of people, resources, activities, and organizations involved in moving a product or service from the supplier to the customer. The management of a business strategically places the supply-chain elements in such a way that they can effectively transform raw materials, natural resources, and components into ready-to-consume products (Bowersox, Mentzer & Speh, 2008, p. 88). Supply-chain management is defined as the process of regulating, directing, and coordinating the stakeholders along the distribution channel to ensure effectiveness and efficiency in the transactions. Principles of supply-chain management include product differentiation, customization of logistics, proper market planning, product differentiation, strategic sourcing, adoption of a supply chain based on wide technology strategy and development of channel-spanning performance measures. The modern business arena is characterized by cutthroat competition where only organized and effective supply chain managers will survive. Proper management of supply chains requires businesses to adopt strategic processes such as agility, adaptability, and alignment in their distribution channels. Backg round and Business Environment The business environment has undergone massive transformations in the 21st century. The current market is not the same as the blacksmiths’ or artisans that thrived in the early 2oth century (Woolven, 2001, p.44). Barter trade existed during the commodity economy because there was any other way traders could have exchanged value for goods. There were not strict supply chains since traders knew where to meet and make transactions. The markets have grown and have become more diversified than

Field Trip To Observatoire De Haute-Provence Report

Field Trip To Observatoire De Haute-Provence Report Shaoshan Zeng Abstract A group of 9 students from University College London (UCL) will be visiting the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP) in France between 14th February and 22nd February 2015. Students are expected to use the CCD camera on the 1.20m telescope to image two RR Lyrae variable stars: XY CVn and RR Gem. Also, students will use the Aurelie spectrograph on the 1.52m telescope to obtain high resolution spectra of bright spectroscopic binary systems within the spectral region 4070-4130Ã…. The main content of this report will focus on the observing facilities available at the OHP and background information of the objects to be targeted. And the last section of this report is the observing diary containing all the data obtained at the telescope. Contents Overview of l’Observatorie de Haute-Provence (OHP) Brief History Location Previous scientific work Observing conditions Observing Instruments The 1.20m Telescope The 1.52m Telescope The Aurelie Spectrogrph Scientific Programme for 1.2m Telescope Scientific Programme for 1.52m Telescope Targets RR Lyrae variable stars Spectroscopic binaries Observing Diary References Appendix 1. Light curves of RR Lyrae variables. Appendix 2. Finder Charts 1. Overview of l’Observatorie de Haute-Provence (OHP) History The observatory is owned by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and is funded by the Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU). Originally, OHP was built as a national facility for Frence astronomers in 1937 and later on in 1949, the facilities at the OHP were available to be used by foreign visiting astronomers. In 1943, the first astronomical observations were made with the 1.20m telescope and the first research paper were published a year later. 1.2 Location OHP is located in St Michel, near Forcalquier in the Alpes de Haute-Provence, south-east France. The coordinates of OHP are: Longitude = 0h 22m 52s E Latitude = +43 ° 55’ 46† Altitude = 650m Previous scientific work OHP has done some remarkable work on the detection of extra-solar planets. This studies started with the discovery of 51 Peg-b in 1995 using the ELODIE spectrograph on the 1.93m telescope and followed by many more discoveries such as Glises 876, the third closest known star to the Sun were found in 1998 and HD190228b was announced in 2000 as a giant planet orbiting the host star. In 2006, ELODIE was replaced by a stabilised high resolution spectrograph called SOPHIE at the 1.93m telescope of OHP. It is operated by using a large survey for search for northern extrasolar planets through the radial velocity method. Nowadays, SOPHIE plays a significant contribution to the follow-up of transiting exoplanet candidates from photometric surveys include SWASP, CoRoT and Kepler. 1.4 Observing Conditions The reason for OHP grounded on this site is mainly because the benefit of having higher probabilities on clear sky and favourable weather conditions throughout the year and the average atmospheric extinction at OHP is approximately twice that for ESO at La Silla. On average, about 60% of nights are considered to be suitable for astronomical observations. This can be showed by the yearly breakdown which based on a statistics made from 1965 to 2004: 170 nights are excellent conditions, 50 nights with very slight cloud and 70 nights are being partly cloudy. Despite of the weather conditions, the image quality is also the key factor to provide good observation. At OHP, the seeing disk is around 2 arcsec and can be lower down to 1 arcsec occasionally which compares to the image quality at ULO is about 4-5 arcsec. However, about 45 days per year on average (commonly in winter) cold wind flows from the northwest which is known as Mistral would cause the degradation of seeing, sometimes the quality of the seeing can severely decline to over 10 arcsec. But the advantage of having the Mistral winds is good weather usually follow as the winds usually clear up the sky. 2. Observing Instruments There are four main telescopes operate at OHP: 1.93m, 1.52m, 1.20m and 0.80m. Typically, 1.52m and 1.20m telescopes will be used to undertake studies during the field trip. 2.1 The 1.20m Telescope This is the first telescope installed at OHP and operates since 1943. It only has a Newton focus which is corresponded to a focus ratio of f/6. As an improvement, the telescope is now equipped with a CCD camera for direct imaging and photometry. It is usually operated for studies of variability of X-ray sources, imaging of galaxies and H II regions as well as the faint solar system objects. 2.2 The 1.52m Telescope This is the telescope that have been in use since 1967 at OHP and is used accompanied with the high resolution Aurelie spectrograph which is positioned at the Coude focus. Thus, most of the spectroscopic studies are carried out by using this telescope. The Coude focus is the only focus of this telescope and the focal ratio is f/27.6 which is almost identical to the 1.52m telescope at the ESO at La Silla. Even though it needed to be pointed manually, all other functions are automated. The telescope is equipped with a CCD camera, used from acquiring the target and automatic guiding. The camera has a field of view of 3’ x 4’. 2.3 The Aurelie Spectrograph The Aurelie spectrograph is a high resolution spectrograph that has been developed and installed on the 1.52m telescope in 1989 at the OHP. The goal of using such high quality instrument is to obtain spectra at very high resolutions over the spectral range of 3900 to 10000Ã… and because of the average seeing conditions at the OHP, the Aurelie spectrograph is also designed to obtain the largest optical efficiency and small amount of scattered light with an entrance aperture at about 3 arcsec wide. The detector attached to the spectrograph is called Thomson TH7832 which is a linear array CCD-like detector. The array is made of 2048 pixels of which 2036 are usable. The advantage of using this detector is: it is very clean meaning it exhibits no interference fringes or persistence effects and this would give the benefit to detect very weak absorption lines. 3. Scientific Programme for 1.2m Telescope The main purpose of this programme is to obtain images of two RR Lyrae variable stars RR Gem and XY CVn by using Cousins B- and V-band filters followed by calibrating these images with respect to stars of known magnitude near to the target star. This will be down over the course of 6 nights with 1.2m telescope. As a result, light curves of these stars will be obtained over several cycles of variation in order to calculate the pulsation period of each of the two stars. The light curve of XY CVn will be compared to that of RR GEM as the light curve of XY CVn is more symmetrical. From experience gained last few years (between 2003 and 2014) of UCL field trips who also completed the task with the same telescope, CCD and filters conclude that the exposure times should be around 1-3 minutes in each of the filter for RR Gem and because XY CVn is fainter than RR Gem, it requires longer exposure time of around 4 minutes in each of the B and V-bands. If the star has magnitude at around 11, a s ignal to noise ratio of at least 100 should be obtained with a 60 second or even shorter exposure in the V-band. The same signal to noise ratio is also kept for the B-band. Other than evaluating the result obtaining in the programme, observations of these two targets will also be compared to those obtained during the UCL field trip of 2000 to 2014. This should give more accurate calculated period and overtone modulation of the light curves to the stars. RR Lyrae stars are pulsating variables with about half the mass of the Sun but probably much older and hotter than the Sun. They belong to low mass Population II and they are abundant in globular clusters. RR Lyrae variables are special because they growing larger and smaller in size with their brightness changing significantly. In general, they have periods of 0.2 to 1 day and spectral types of A2 to F6 which have an average effective temperature of 7000K and a luminosity typical around 80 Lsun. Some of them have similar light curves to those of Cepheid variables and obey a period luminosity relation which is approximately: Log10 P = -0.85M + constant These properties make RR Lyrae variables become excellent standard candles as if the period of time it takes for an RR Lyrae to go through its cycle of brightening and dimming is known, then the absolute luminosity of that star can be estimated. The absolute luminosity shows how bright a star would be if it was a certain distance away from us. From this, the distance to the star can be determined if the measure brightness of the star appear to us compared to its absolute luminosity. 4. Scientific Programme for 1.52m Telescope For this programme, the Aurelie spectrograph on the 1.52m telescope will be used to obtain high resolution spectra of a selection of targets which are known to be spectroscopic binary systems that in the spectral region of 4070-4130Ã…. By analysing these spectra, weak absorption lines should be resolved to measure the changes in the radial velocity of a star by applying the cross correlation technique. Since the field trip group in 2006 and 2010-2014 also completed the similar task with Aurelie, the analysed results from this field trip will be compared to those obtained in previous years and hopefully this will result in an improvement of phase coverage for all of the systems, especially for targets with long period. By combining all the data sets, a number of physical parameters such as the mass ratio, the mass function, the period and the orbital eccentricity can be estimated for each binary system. As HÃŽ ´ (ÃŽ »4101Ã…) is included in the targeted spectral region, the appea rance of this line in obtained spectra also need to be investigated as it changes as a function of spectral type. In order to resolve the weak lines and measure their wavelengths accurately, a spectrographic resolving power of at least R = 40000 is required. Such high resolution that in use should also provide accurate information of radial and rotational velocities for each target. A wavelength coverage of at least 60Ã… is needed to include enough weak lines simultaneously and to make sure the continuum level outside the HÃŽ ´ line could be estimated. Despite of these, useful weak lines can only be obtain with a signal to noise ratio of at least 250 due to the fact that the equivalent widths of the weak lines are expected to be with several mÃ…. And more importantly, the total integration time of all of the start should be controlled to be 120 minutes or less because the resolution of orbital phase of 1.52m telescope would become poor if longer exposure time is used. Spectroscopic binaries involve two stars orbiting around their common centre of mass. These two stars are so close together that can only be seen as one object, and over period of time, there is Doppler shift change in the observing spectrum. In other words, if the star does exist in a binary system, they are of similar luminosity, each spectral line will twice over the course of one orbit, split into two, reach a maximum separation and then move back together again due to the Doppler shift caused by their radial velocity. Among all the targets, the star ÃŽ ± Uma is of particular interest as it has a long period of 44 years while other target stars have relatively short periods and has an orbit that is not clearly determined. It thought to have passed periastron in 2000, so it would be interesting to compare its measured radial velocity with that from spectral obtained during 2006 to 2014. 5. Target stars 5.1 RR Lyrae Variable Stars The stars that will be observing for the investigation of the light curves of RR Lyrae variable stars on the 1.2m telescope are shown below in Table 1 along with their coordinate, magnitudes and period. Table 1. Investigate RR Lyrae variable stars RR Gem is a type â€Å"a† RR Lyrae variable, it is well located for observation between UT 18:00 to 24:00 in late January to February at OHP. This light curve of this type of star will show a steep increase in brightness at first, the brightness will then gently fade away until a minimum is reached. The finding charts for RR Gem can be found in Appendix 1. (A1) and the calibration stars are shown in Table 2 below. Table 2. Calibration stars for RR Gem XY CVn is a type â€Å"c† RR Lyrae variable, it is well located for observation in the morning in January and February at OHP. Different to RR Gem, the light curve of this type of star is more symmetrical. The finding charts for both target stars can be found in Appendix 1. 5.2 Spectroscopic binaries targets The stars for which I am responsible for background research for the programme occurring on the 1.52m telescope are shown in Table 3 below. Table 3. Spectroscopic binaries targets Both of the targets are circumpolar which will never set throughout the night, this makes them easily observable in night time. For HR 4072, it would be best observed at around 0:00-1:00 UT and ÃŽ ¹ CrB should be best observed at 6:00-7:00 UT as these time will be the target just across the meridian i.e at their highest point in the sky. However, 6:00-7:00UT would correspond to 7:00-8:00 local time at OHP, would pass the sun rise time and the sky is bright already. Thus, target ÃŽ ¹ CrB can be observed in the early morning before sunrise when it still high up in the sky before crossing the meridian. The finding charts for both target stars can be found in Appendix 2. 6. Observing Journal References http://www.obs-hp.fr -the OHP website http://www.simbad.com -online star catalogue http://www.aavso.org/ -online database for variable stars, obtain light curves and finding charts 2015 UCL Field Trip Observation Plans (Stephen Boyle, September 2014) Appendix 1 A1. Finding Chart of RR Gem (AAVSO) A2. Finding chart of XY CVn (AAVSO)

English Speech Against Physical Punishment of Children :: Papers

English Speech Against Physical Punishment of Children Good Morning/Afternoon ladies, gentlemen and chairperson. I am also arguing against the motion that states, this house believes that physical punishment including smacking young children is wrong. I am a firm believer that a short, sharp smack can keep children under control. This doesn’t mean they should be beaten up or even marked, but strict and fair punishment will benefit a child in the long run. Please picture this scene: a young child of around 3 years is having a temper tantrum in the middle of a busy high street because his mum won’t buy him a toy car. He tries to run away from his mother, screaming and shouting at the same time. To stop the noise the mother gives in a buys the toy car. Now ask yourself who is in charge here, the mother or the child? After all, the child gets his own way and now knows exactly what to do next time he wants something. In these circumstances, parents may have to resort to a smack to one, get the child listening and doing what they are told, two, stop the noise and temper tantrum and finally, for the child’s benefit and own safety. Also, what or who is going to stop an out of control child running out into the middle of a busy road? A quick smack is a lot less pain full then getting knocked down by a car or even a bus! There are many in favour of the government leaving the law as it stands that parents have the right to smack their children. Groups such as Family and Youth Concern feel politicians should let parents get on with bringing up their children as they see fit, and warn that any change in the law would risk turning thousands of parents into criminals. They also feel a ban on smacking would be impossible to enforce. The opposition may argue that there are other forms of punishment which are just as effective as smacking. For example, ignoring the

Native American Religions Essay

Native American Religions happen to be one of the oldest and most enduring forms of religion. They comprise a large number of distinct tribes, states, and ethnic groups. Native Americans arrived on the North American Continent fifth-teen thousand to twenty thousand years ago. Native Americans have literally sources that exist from only the last four hundred years even though Native American life covers perhaps twenty thousand years. Over three hundred tribes have been recognized by the United States government. Native Americans are the only known ethnic group in the United States requiring a federal permit to practice their religion. In the state of Virginia, Native Americans face a unique problem. Virginia has no federally recognized tribes. Native American Religions have also been known as American Indians, Amerindians, Amerinds, Aboriginal, Indians, Indigenous, Original Americans, Red Indians, or Red Men. Native Americans religions are polytheistic. Native American Religions are remarkably free of priesthood. Native Americans are very personal in that they encourage Page 2 individuals to contact the spirit world alone. Native Americans believe that many levels of Gods and Spirits exist in the universe. They think of the High God or Great Spirits as a personal God. They believe in the Supreme Being in a manner found in many basic religions. Native religions have some of the qualities of monotheism, polytheism, and monism. Native American has been exposed to Christian eschatology for more than four hundred years. The influence of Christianity has been so strong that today most Native Americans are Christians. They are interested in the day-to-day life among the multiple spirits found in the world. Native Americans have a reverent attitude toward the land, trees, rivers, and mountains. Native Americans who practiced agriculture revere the soil, plants, and tree. Hunting was an important part of life within many Native American Cultures. The hunter would pray to the spirit of the animal before the hunt. Hunting was a religious pursuit in which the hunters saw the animal as a fellow creature, with a similar spirit. After all hunting’s one would ask the animal for forgiveness. They would basically perform a taboo. A religious action that enables people to avoid doing things that would offend the spirits of nature and the ancestors. This was one of the ways the Native American would protect themselves from possible danger from the spirit world. Another widely observed taboo is the avoidance of the dead. Taboo concerning about Page 3 the dead led Native Americans to be greatly concerned about their final resting places. There is no heaven for those who have been righteous and no hell for those who have been wicked. Native Americans often seek to control the forces of spirit world with ceremonies. The purpose of their ceremonies, rituals, songs, and dances is not necessarily worship. They are a mean of renewing the partnership between humans and the spirit world. Long hours of dancing in this atmosphere prepare the participants for contact with the spirit world. Holy week is also celebrated a song and dance. Native Americans often gain special powers by seeking visions that may place them in connection with the spirit world. Visions are sought by Native Americans at other times in life. The spirit may appear after a period of fasting and prayer, or sometimes without any preparation. The Sweat Lodge is probably the most important Native Ritual. The sweat lodge usually occurs before and after every other major ritual like the â€Å"Sundance† and â€Å"Vision Quest†. It is also a â€Å"stand alone† ritual meaning that it occurs whenever it is needed. Its original purpose was to cleanse or purify individuals. Mother sweat lodge essentially translates in to returning to the womb. The Sun Dance last from four to eight days starting at the sunset of the final day of preparation and ending at sunset. It showed continuity between life and death – regeneration. It shows that there is no true end to life, but a cycle of symbolic and true deaths and rebirths. All of nature is intertwined and dependent on one another. This gives an equal ground to everything on the Earth. The sun dance was a significant part of the Crow Indian people’s Page 4 spirituality. It was a spiritual retreat in which a large number of participants would fast, pray and dance for a period of days. They asked for answers to events going on in their lives. Traditional Native Americans seem to believe in two souls, neither of which is considered immortal. One soul is the life, or the breath, that accompanies the body. The other soul is known as the free soul. One of the most common elements of Native American Religions is the use of tobacco and the sacred pipe in religious ceremonies. Tobacco was originally grown and used only for religious purposes by Native Americans. The tobacco used in religious ceremonies is stronger than the tobacco used in cigarettes. The ritual tobacco is occasionally smoked in rolled from corn husks. Most Native American tribes had traditional gender roles. Men hunted, traded and made war, while women gathered plants, cared for the young and the elderly. Women ever had the task of making weapons and tools, they took care of the roofs of their homes and often helped their men hunt buffalos. Many Native American people believed in the unusual power of a woman at these times in life. During a women menstruation she was kept away from ordinary society. Native Americans today have a special relationship with the United States of America. In conclusion, Native Americans can be found as nations, tribes, or bands of Native Americans who have sovereignty or independence from the government of the United Statesry society. Like other religions, Native American belief systems include many sacred Page 5 narratives. Such spiritual stories are deeply based in Nature and are rich with the symbolism of seasons, weather, plants, earth, water, sky and fire. The idea of an all powerful Great Spirit, a connection to the Earth, diverse creation narratives and collective memories of ancient ancestors are common. Traditional worship practices are often a part of tribal gatherings with dance, rhythm, songs and trance.

Do Males and females Have Different Abilities When Estimating Size? Essay

The hypothesis is male can estimating size more exactly than female when they see the things far away from them. The result of the test supports the hypothesis. The problems that I faced are: people cannot stand at their place all the time during the test, the height of each people is different, and people cannot stay with the object with the same line. These problems caused my data error in the beginning of the experiment. This experiment is going to talk about â€Å"Do the people estimating size of the things different caused by the gender? † And the background of this science report is in the ancient time the man and the woman divided their work. The man often do things like hunting, the women do the work like planting. And why there is such a phenomenon? So, hunting exercised the vision of the male so they can shoot or hit animal accurately but planting do not help of the women vision. (SteadyHealth. com Discussion boards licensed and powered by SteadyHealth. com v4. 8. 0 Development supported by Rights Reserved  © 2004 – 2012) the hypothesis is male can estimating size more exactly than female when they see the things far away from them. Remain the distances, and the size of the object, 20 adults in the same age and the same vision as invariant tests and half of the people we tested are females. The material is a 90 cm3 size of cube. We make 1 person see and describe the size of the cube they saw when the distance between man and cube is 15 meters one by one. Then, keep the subject at the same place, move the cube let the distance to 12 meters and 8 meters.

7 Reasons Why It’s Never Too Late To Change Your Career

7 Reasons Why It’s Never Too Late To Change Your Career Leaving a job can be enormously stressful, and very daunting. And sometimes leaving in a fit of rash frustration is not the way to go. But there are circumstances in which it’s a very prudent- even life changing- thing to change careers. If you suspect this might apply to you, and that you’re ready for a change- even if that means leaving your contacts and colleagues, many of which have now become your friends- then watch this little video and psych yourself up.  Then think of all these reasons why you’re making the right call.1. You’ll Gain More KnowledgeChanging careers means being brand new to a job again. Remember your super intense learning curve at your first job? Remember how that curve tapered off and flat-lined eventually as you got more settled in? Once you’ve mastered your current job, you stagnate. Putting yourself in a situation where you haven’t yet mastered something means you’ll broaden your knowledge base and learn a lot- fast.2. New Challenges are  GreatIf your current job doesn’t challenge you anymore, that’s a great sign it’s time to go. Bend your comfort zones a bit, and expand your horizons. Put yourself in a situation where you’re not absolutely sure you’re on top of everything every day you go to your desk- a bit of risk and fear and having to rush to keep up or excel will be great for your morale. Maybe it’s just plain time for a change.3. You’ll Increase Your Earning PowerIt’s possible that your skills might be even more valuable in another industry, or in another kind of company structure. Start looking around to see what your counterparts are making in other industries, and take the leap.4. No More Toxic StressYour current job- let’s face it- is making you physically sick. Your immune system is shot. You’re exhausted. You’re grumpy all the time. Maybe this is because you’re bored, or on the contrary , you’re under far too much pressure. Maybe you just cannot stand your boss- or your coworkers are hostile and insufferable. Either way, no job is worth sacrificing your health. Reboot and reset somewhere fresh.5.  Finding Firmer GroundSometimes it’s just plain time to wake up and smell the sinking ship. If your company is going under or merging, or your industry is changing- and not in a way that you think will be good for you, then getting yourself somewhere more stimulating and secure could be your lifeboat.6. Growth OpportunitiesChanging careers can give you a way to use all of your assets and talents. To expand as far as you can within your skills, and to grow as high as you can up the ladder. Get vertical! Get promoted! Get a raise! Do the things you’ve always wanted to do.7.  A Renewed Sense of PurposeIf you do successfully change careers, at least you get to feel totally at the helm of your own boat. You’re living your life with purpose- and m aking decisions that are best for you and where you want to end up. When you take charge of such things, you gain valuable confidence.

The International Court Of Jus essays

The International Court Of Jus essays The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in the Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. The ICJ serves as a court of international law, with Judges hearing various disputes between states and delivering a judgement. It also serves to offer advisory opinions to groups such as the UN General Assembly and the Security Council. Since its founding in 1946, the ICJ has dealt with more than 50 cases between states and has also delivered over 20 advisory opinions. It has a mixed record of successes and failures, with a surprisingly high degree of compliance with the verdict. This paper surveys the history, structure, and criticisms of the International Court of Justice. The ICJ was founded in 1946 after World War Two. However, the Hague, where the ICJ resides, has been a host to international courts since 1899. The Hague Peace Conference of 1899 established the Permanent Court of Arbitration. The Permanent Court of Arbitration was not just used to settle matters through Arbitration, but used occasionally used other pacific methods, like good office and mediation. The court officially began operating in 1902, but went through some revisions after a second Hague Peace Conference in 1907. A few years latter the court would move into the Peace Palace, that was built as a gift from steel tycoon Andrew Carnegie. The Permanent Court of Arbitration made many strides in international law. It still functions to this day, independent of other international organizations (History, 3). After the First World War, the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) was formed within the frame work of the League of Nations in 1920. It shared residency of the peace palace with the Permanent Court of Arbitration. The PCIJ operated smoothly, for about twenty years. The court fled Norway at the start of World War Two. The judges vowed to return and make another court again. After World War Two, with the establishme...

What Is a Personal Statement Everything You Need to Know About the College Essay

What Is a Personal Statement Everything You Need to Know About the College Essay SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In addition to standardized test scores and transcripts, a personal statement or essay is a required part of many college applications. The personal statement can be one of the most stressful parts of the application process because it's the most open ended. In this guide, I'll answer the question, "What is a personal statement?" I'll talk through common college essay topics and what makes for an effective personal statement. // Even the terminology can be confusing if you aren't familiar with it, so let's start by defining some terms: Personal statement- an essay you write to show a college admissions committee who you are and why you deserve to be admitted to their school. It's worth noting that, unlike "college essay," this term is used for application essays for graduate school as well. College essay - basically the same as apersonal statement. (I'll be using the terms interchangeably.) Essay prompt - a question or statement that your college essay is meant to respond to. Supplemental essay - an extra school or programspecific essay beyond the basic personal statement. Many colleges ask for only one essay. However, some schools do ask you to respond to multiple prompts or to provide supplemental essays in addition to a primary personal statement. Either way, don't let it stress you out! This guide will cover everything you need to know about the different types of college essays and get you started thinking about how to write a great one: Why colleges ask for an essay What kinds of essay questions you'll see What sets great essays apart Tips for writing your own essay // Why Do Colleges Ask For an Essay? There are a couple of reasons that colleges ask applicants to submit an essay, but the basic idea is that it gives them more information about you, especially who you are beyond grades and test scores. #1: Insight Into Your Personality The most important role of the essay is to give admissions committees a sense of your personality and what kind of addition you'd be to their school's community. Are you inquisitive? Ambitious? Caring? These kinds of qualities will have a profound impact on your college experience, but they're hard to determine based on a high school transcript. Basically, the essay contextualizes your application and shows what kind of person you are outside of your grades and test scores. Imagine two students, Jane and Tim: they both have 3.5 GPAs and 1200s on the SAT. Jane lives in Colorado and is the captain of hertrack team, while Tim lives in Vermont and regularly contributes to the school paper, but they both want to be doctors and they both volunteer at the local hospital. As similar as Jane and Tim seemon paper, in reality they're actually quite different, and their unique perspectives come through in their essays. Jane writes about how looking into her family history for a school project made her realize how the discovery of modern medical treatments like antibiotics and vaccines had changed the world and drove her to pursue a career as a medical researcher. Tim, on the other hand, recounts a story about how a kind doctor helped him overcome his fear of needles, an interaction that reminded him of the value of empathy and inspired him to become a family practitioner. These two students may seem outwardly similar but their motivations and personalities are very different. Without an essay, your application is essentially a series of numbers: a GPA, SAT scores, the number of hours spent preparing for quiz bowl competitions. The personal statement is your chance to stand out as an individual. // #2: Evidence of Writing Skills A secondary purpose of the essay is to serve as a writing sample and help colleges see that you have the skills needed to succeedin college classes. The personal statement isyour best chance to show off your writing, so take the time to craft a pieceyou're really proud of. That said, don't panic if you aren't a strong writer. Admissions officers aren't expecting you to write like Joan Didion; they just want to see that you can express your ideas clearly. No matter what, your essay should absolutely not include any errors or typos. #3: Explanation of Extenuating Circumstances For some students, the essay is also a chance to explain factors affecting theirhigh school record. Did your grades drop sophomore year because you were dealing with a family emergency? Did you miss out on extracurricularsjunior year because of an extended medical absence? Colleges want to know if you struggled with a serious issue that affected your high school record, so make sure to indicate any relevant circumstances on your application. Keep in mind that in some cases there will be a separate section for you to address these types ofissues, as well as any black marks on your record like expulsions or criminal charges. #4: Your Reasons for Applying to the School Many colleges ask you to writean essay or paragraph about why you're applying to their school specifically. In asking these questions, admissions officers are trying to determine if you're genuinely excited about the school and whether you're likely to attend if accepted. I'll talk more about this type of essay below. Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now: // What Kind of Questions Do Colleges Ask? Thankfully, applications don't simply say "Please include an essay about yourself" - they includea question or prompt that you're asked to respond to. These prompts are generally pretty open ended and can be approached in a lot of different ways. Nonetheless, most questions fall into a few main categories. Let's go through each common type of prompt, with examples from the Common Application, the University of California application, and ApplyTexas, as well as a few individualschools. Prompt Type 1: Your Personal History This sortof questionasks you to write about a formative experience, important event or key relationship fromyour life. Admissions officers want to understand what is important to you and how your backgroundhas shaped you as a person. These questions are both common and tricky. The most common pitfall students fall into is trying to tell their entire life stories - it's better to focus in on a very specific point in time and explain why it was meaningful to you. Common App 1 Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story. Common App 5 Discuss an accomplishment, event, orrealizationthatsparked a period of personal growth and a new understanding of yourself or others. University of California 2 Every person has a creative side, and it can be expressed in many ways: problem solving, original and innovative thinking, and artistically, to name a few. Describe how you express your creative side. University of California 6 Think about an academic subject that inspires you. Describe how you have furthered this interest inside and/or outside of the classroom. // Prompt Type 2:Facing a Problem A lot of prompts deal with how you solve problems or how you cope with failure. College can be difficult, both personally and academically, and admissions committees want to see that you're equipped to face those challenges. The key to these types of questions is to identify a real problem or failure (not a success in disguise) and show how you adapted and grew from addressing the issue. Common App 2 The lessons we take fromobstacles we encountercan be fundamental to later success. Recount a time when you faced achallenge, setback, or failure.How did it affect you, and what did you learn from the experience? Common App 4 Describe a problem you’ve solved or a problem you’d like to solve. It can be an intellectual challenge, a research query, an ethical dilemma - anything that is of personal importance, no matter the scale. Explain its significance to you and what steps you took or could be taken to identify a solution. ApplyTexas B Describe a circumstance, obstacle or conflict in your life, and the skills and resources you used to resolve it. Did it change you? If so, how? // Prompt Type 3:Diversity Most colleges arepretty diverse, with students from a wide range of backgrounds. Essay questions about diversity are designed to help admissions committees understand how you interact with people who are different from you. In addressing these prompts,you want to show that you're capable of engaging with new ideas and relating to people who may have different beliefs than you. Common App 3 Reflect on a time when youquestionedor challenged a belief or idea. What prompted your thinking? Whatwas the outcome? ApplyTexas A Describe a setting in which you have collaborated or interacted with people whose experiences and/or beliefs differ from yours. Address your initial feelings, and how those feelings were or were not changed by this experience. Prompt Type 4:Your Future Goals This type of prompt asks about what you want to do in the future: sometimes simply what you'd like to study, sometimes longer term career goals. Colleges want to understand what you're interested in and how you plan to work towards your goals. You'll mostly see these prompts if you're applying for a specializedprogram (like pre-med or architecture) or applying as a transfer student. Some schools also ask for supplementary essays along these lines. ApplyTexas C Considering your lifetime goals, discuss how your current and future academic and extracurricular activities might help you achieve your goals. University of California (Transfer Applicants) Please describe how you have prepared for your intended major, including your readiness to succeed in your upper-division courses once you enroll at the university. // Prompt Type 5: Why This School The most common style of supplemental essay is the "Why us?" essay (although a fewschools with their own application use this type of questionas their main prompt). In these essays, you're meant to address the specific reasons you want to go to the school you're applying to. Whatever you do, don't ever recycle these essays for more than one school. Yale University What is it about Yale that has led you to apply? Chapman University There are thousands of universities and colleges. Please share with us why you are choosing to apply to Chapman. Rice University How did you first learn about Rice University and what motivated you to apply? Prompt Type 6:Creative Prompts More selective schools often have supplemental essays with stranger or more unique questions. University of Chicago is notorious for its weird prompts, but it's not the only school that will ask you to think outside the box in addressing its questions. University of Chicago The word floccinaucinihilipilification is the act or habit of describing or regarding something as unimportant or of having no value. It originated in the mid-18th century from the Latin words "floccus," "naucum," "nihilum," and "pilus"- all words meaningâ€Å"of little use.† Coin your own word using parts from any language you choose, tell us its meaning, and describe the plausible (if only to you) scenarios in which it would be most appropriately used. Tufts University Whether you've built blanket forts or circuit boards, produced community theater or mixed media art installations, tell us: what have you invented, engineered, created, or designed? Or what do you hope to? University of Virginia What’s your favorite word and why? University of Chicago(Phil Roeder/Flickr) // What Makes a Strong Personal Statement? OK, so you're clear on what a college essay is, but you're still not sure how to write a good one. To help you get started, I'm going to explainthe main things admissions officers look for in students' essays:an engaging perspective, genuine moments, and lively writing. I've touched onthese ideas already, buthereI'll go into more depth about how the best essays stand out from the pack. Showing Who You Are A lot of students panic about finding a unique topic, and certainly writing about something unusual like a successful dating app you developed with your friends or your time working as a mall Santacan't hurt you. But what's really important isn't so much what you write about as how you write about it. You need to use your subject to show something deeper about yourself. Look at the prompts above: you'll notice that they almost all ask you what you learned or how the experience affected you. Whatever topic you pick, you must be able to specifically address how or why it matters to you. Say a student, Will, was writing about the mall Santa in response to Common App prompt number 2 (the one about failure): Will was a terrible mall Santa. He was way too skinny to be convincing and the kids would always step on his feet. He could easily write 600 very entertaining words describing this experience, but they wouldn't necessarily add up to an effective college essay. To do that, he'll need to talk about his motivations and his feelings: why he took such a job in the first place and what he did (and didn't) get out of it. Maybe Will took the job because he needed to make some money to go on a school trip and it was the only one he could find. Despite his lack of enthusiasm for screaming children, he kept doing it because he knew if he persevered through the whole holiday season he would have enough money for his trip. Would you rather read "I failed at being a mall Santa" or "Failing as a mall Santa taught me how to persevere no matter what"? Admissions officersdefinitely prefer the latter. Ultimately, the best topics are ones that allow you to explain something surprising about yourself. Honesty Since the main point of the essay is to give schools a sense of who you are, you have to open up enough to let them see your personality.Writing a good college essay means being honest about your feelings and experiences even when they aren't entirely positive. In this context, honesty doesn't mean going on at length about the time you broke into the local pool at night and nearly got arrested, but it does mean acknowledging when something was difficult or upsetting for you. Think about the mall Santa example above. The essay won't work unless the writer genuinely acknowledges that he was a bad Santa and explains why. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Even this little kid is a better Santa than Will was. EloquentWriting As I mentioned above, colleges want to know that you are a strong enough writer to survive in college classes. Can you express your ideas clearly and concisely? Can you employ specific details appropriately and avoidcliches and generalizations? These kinds of skills will serve you well in college (and in life!). Nonetheless, admissions officers recognize that different students have different strengths. They aren’t looking for a poetic magnum opus from someone who wants to be a math major. (Honestly, they aren't expecting a masterwork from anyone, but the basic point stands.) Focus on making sure that your thoughts and personality come through, and don't worry about using fancy vocabulary or complex rhetorical devices. Above all, make sure that you have zero grammar or spelling errors. Typos indicate carelessness, which will hurt your cause with admissions officers. Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now: // Top 5 Essay-Writing Tips Now that you have a sense of what colleges are looking for, let's talk about how you can put this new knowledge into practice as you approach your own essay. Below, I've collected my five best tips from years as a college essay counselor. #1: Start Early! No matter how much you want to avoid writing your essay, don’t leaveit until the last minute. One of the most important parts of the essay writing process is editing, and editing takes a lot of time. You want to be able to put your draft in a drawer for a week and come back to it with fresh eyes. You don't want to be stuck with an essay you don't really like because you have to submit your application tomorrow. You need plenty of time to experiment and rewrite, so I would recommend starting your essays at least two months before the application deadline. For most students, that means starting around Halloween, but if you're applying early you'll need to get going closer to Labor Day. Of course, it's even better to get a head start and begin your planning earlier. Many students like to work on their essays over the summer when they have more free time, but you should keep in mind that each year's application isn't usually released until August or September. Essay questions often stay the same from year to year, however. If you are looking to get a jump on writing, you can try to confirm with the school (or the Common App) if the essay questions will be the same as the previous year's. #2: Pick a Topic You’re Genuinely Excited About One of the biggest mistakes students make is trying to write what they think the committee wants to hear. The truth is that there's no "right answer" when it comes to college essays - the best topics aren't limited to specific categories like volunteer experiences or winning a tournament. Instead, they're topics that actually matter to the writer. "OK," you're thinking, "but what does she mean by 'a topic that matters to you'? Because to be perfectly honest, right now what really matters to me is that fall TV starts up this week, and I have a feeling I shouldn't write about that." You're not wrong (although some great essays have been written about television). A great topic isn't just something that you're excited about or that you talk to your friends about; it's something that has had a real, describableeffect on your perspective. This doesn't mean that you should overemphasize how somethingabsolutely changed your life, especially if it really didn't. Instead, try to be as specific and honest as you can about how the experience affected you, what it taught you, or what you got out of it. Let'sgo back to the TV idea. Sure, writing an essay abouthow excited you are for the new season of The Vampire Diariesprobably isn't the quickest way to get yourself into college, but you couldwrite a solidessay (in response to the first type of prompt) about how SpongeBob SquarePants was an integral part of your childhood. However,it's not enough to just explain how much you loved SpongeBob - you must also explain why and how watching the show every day after school affected your life. For example, maybe it was a ritual you shared with your brother, which showed you how even seemingly silly pieces of pop culture can bring people together. Dig beneath the surface to show who you are and how you see the world. When you write about something you don't really care about, your writing will come out cliched and uninteresting, and you'll likely struggle to motivate. When you write about something that is genuinely important to you, on the other hand, you can make even the most ordinary experiences - learning to swim, eating a meal, or watching TV - engaging. As strange as it sounds, SpongeBob could make a great essay topic. #3: Focus onSpecifics But how do you write an interesting essay?Focus. Don't try to tell your entire life story, or even the story of an entire weekend; 500-650 words may seem like a lot, but you'll reach that limit quickly if you try to pack every single thing that has happened to you into your essay. If, on the other hand, you just touch on a wide range of topics, you'll end up with an essay that reads more like a resume. Instead, narrow in on one specific event or idea and talk about it in more depth. The narrower your topic, the better. For example, writing about your role as Mercutio in your school's production ofRomeo and Juliet is too general, but writing about opening night, when everything went wrong, could be a great topic. Whatever your topic, use details to help draw the reader in and express your unique perspective, but keep in mind that you don't have to include every detail of what you did or thought - stick to the important and illustrative ones. #4: Use Your Own Voice College essays aren't academicassignments: you don't need to be super formal. Instead, try to be yourself. The best writing sounds like a more eloquent version of the way you talk. Focus on using clear, simple languagethat effectively explains a point or evokes a feeling. To do so, avoid the urge to use fancy-sounding synonyms when you don't really know what they mean. Contractions are fine; slang, generally, is not. Don't hesitate to write in the first person. A final note: you don’t need to be relentlessly positive. It’s OK to acknowledge that sometimes things don’t go how you want - just show how you grew from that. #5: Be Ruthless Many students want to call it a day after writing a first draft, but editing is a key part ofwriting a truly great essay. To be clear, editing doesn't mean just making a few minor wording tweaks and cleaning up typos; it means reading your essay carefully and objectively and thinking about how you could improve it. Ask yourself questions as you read: is the progression of the essay clear? Do you make a lot of vague, sweeping statements that could be replaced with more interesting specifics? Do your sentences flow together nicely? Do youshow something about yourself beyond the surface level? You will have to delete and rewrite (potentially large) parts of your essay, and no matter how attached you feel to something you wrote, you might have to let it go. If you've ever heard the phrase "Kill your darlings," know that it is 100% applicable to college essay writing. At some point, you might even need to rewrite the whole essay.Even though it's annoying, starting over is sometimes the best way to get an essay that you're really proud of. Ludwig/Flickr What's Next? Make sure to check out our other posts on college essays, including our step-by-step guide to how to write your college essay,our analysis of the Common App Prompts, and our collection of example essays. If you're in need of guidance on other parts of the application process, take a look at our guides to choosing the right college for you, writing about extracurriculars, and requesting teacher recommendations. Last but not least, if you're planning on taking the SAT one last time, check out our ultimate guide to studying for the SAT and make sure you're as prepared as possible. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Volex Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Volex Group - Essay Example Volex has identified healthcare sector as one of the most prominent thrust area on a global basis. Rising disposable incomes in the hands of the people in emerging markets, increased awareness and rising living standards have given a great boost to the healthcare market there. Increased average lifespan in the developed countries coupled with greater emphasis on the preventive measures have also caused a huge demand in healthcare sector in this part. Moreover, the current recessionary trend has a little effect on the demand of healthcare sector. That definitely goes well with the company’s healthcare strategy. The company proudly proclaims that Volex has obtained ISO 13485:2003 accreditations this year for its three international manufacturing facilities in Poland, India, and China. The ISO-13485 certifies the design, manufacturing and project management capabilities of medical devices of the company. It establishes product safety, traceability, risk management and design tran sfer activities in product development. ... Rising disposable incomes in the hands of the people in emerging markets, increased awareness and rising living standards have given a great boost to the healthcare market there. Increased average lifespan in the developed countries coupled with greater emphasis on the preventive measures have also caused a huge demand in healthcare sector in this part. Moreover, the current recessionary trend has a little effect on the demand of healthcare sector. That definitely goes well with the company’s healthcare strategy. The company proudly proclaims that Volex has obtained ISO 13485:2003 accreditations this year for its three international manufacturing facilities in Poland, India, and China. The ISO-13485 certifies the design, manufacturing and project management capabilities of medical devices of the company. It establishes product safety, traceability, risk management and design transfer activities in product development. Prior to that, the company had the accreditation of its des ign centre in Ireland last year. This is an indication of the company's foray into the health care sector strengthening its product portfolio and achieving the industry standards that the market requires. The three manufacturing facilities at Chennai (India), Suzhou (China) and Bydgoszcz (Poland) are equipped with the state-of-the-art facilities to deliver complex interconnect products for advanced applications such as CT (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging, X-Ray and ultrasound. This will certainly help the company to create enough customer confidence among the health care sector. (Volex Builds, 2011) Volex's ISO achievement displays its commitment towards design processes for product delivery. This amply testifies the credentials of the Volex in

Analysis Of The Rate Of Unemployment As Related To Inflation Rate Essay

Analysis Of The Rate Of Unemployment As Related To Inflation Rate - Essay Example Low standard errors help to infer that the sample drawn for estimating is truly representative of the population and gives a power to the statistical inference to a study (Vassilis, 2008).If there is no significant difference between the standard errors of the two samples we can consider that they belong to the same population or in the other way the test results are same with respect to a particular parameter.  This curve is a historical inverse relationship between the rate of unemployment and the rate of inflation in an economy. This means that lower unemployment in an economy is correlated with a higher inflation rate. When high levels of both inflation and unemployment also take place then it is called stagflation and violates the principle of the forecast of the curve. To consider this anomaly various modifications of this curve has taken place. For example, New Kenysian â€Å"Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium† models based on macroeconomics has been developed wit h sticky prices it is reflected that there is a positive relationship between the rate of inflation and the level of demand and thus a negative relation between the rate of inflation and rate of employment occurs. In the context of this article, we concentrate on the money wage Phillips curve given by the equation gW= gWT – f(U) where g is the equivalent of the percentage rate of growth of the variable, W is the money wage rate and signifies the total money wage costs per production employee, which includes the benefits and the payroll taxes. Hence the focus is on the production workers money wages as these costs are crucial to a firm for making financial decisions. The equation tells us that the growth of money wages rises with the trend in growth of the money wages (T) and falls with the unemployment rate(U). The function (f) is assumed to monotonically increase with U so the dampening of money- wage increases by unemployment is reflected by the negative sign.

Paper reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper reflection - Essay Example The head of our tour group was called Paul Franklin. Paul Franklin was a good leader, and he was very eager and keen to satisfy our various needs. For instance, if one of us was interested in asking or seeking a clarification of a particular question, Paul Franklin will ensure that the nurse in charge of our tour answers the particular question. For instance, most of us had questions concerning the technologies and equipments found at the BMET workshop. One of the most pressing questions that we managed to ask is how the hospital is using new biomedical technologies for purposes of surgery. The official in charge of the hospital of BMET workshop was reluctant to tell us, this is because he did not have a ready answer at them. But Paul Franklin pressed him up, until the official gave an answer, even though it was not convincing enough. Each and every one of us was satisfied by the leadership and services of Paul Franklin. The members of this department had uniforms, and this was for purposes of distinguishing them from members of other departments. The color of their uniforms was a blue polo shirt, with bage pants. In my own opinion, the color and the design of their uniform were attractive. The blue color matched with the purposes of the workshop. This is because they were not dealing with patients, but machines that help in the provision of medical services. As such, the white color which is normally associated with doctors and nurses was not appropriate. The BMET workshop is at the basement of the hospital, and it occupies a large space area, that makes it possible to safely store the machines that are used for providing medical and research services. The employers of the department and junior members of this department had a very cordial working relationship. Their relationship is based on trust, understanding, and collaboration. This makes the employees to be motivated, and hence efficient in the manner in which they conduct their

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 25

Reflection paper - Essay Example The outcome of these stressors is that these stressors decrease the quality of work, make an individual experience burnout and even disturbs the wok/life balance of an individual. Due to excessive work load, individuals spend extra time in their workplaces and at times they work late night hours. Due to this they do not get enough rest and their relationship with their family members deteriorate as the individual fails to provide them with enough time. Improved time management skills will help me in managing my workload in an effective and efficient manner. Development of time management skills will help in differentiating and prioritizing work in accordance to their deadlines. This will help in insuring that the work that needs to be completed first is completed on time and then the individual focused on the assignments that are to be completed later. One strategy that can be implemented to deal with workplace stress is to make changes to the lifestyle (Floyd 64). If an individual w ho is suffering from workload and lack of time decreases unproductive or unnecessary tasks from their life, the time saved can be used for work and family time. 2. Pick an organization with which you are well acquainted and list some areas needing change that could use an action research approach. Choose one of these areas and tell us how data could be collected. 2. The term action research is used to refer to the practice of research that is first conducted to identify a particular problem and then take actions to counter the problem. Action research is a continuous process because the process of research is conducted once again after a solution is implemented to identify how well the solution has worked and if further solutions are required to correct the problem. One organization that needs a change is Wal-Mart and the organization needs to make changes to its current human resource management

Project Implementation Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Project Implementation Process - Essay Example It is also expected by the stakeholders that some commercial uses like an artists’ studio shall have a place on the piece of land after it is developed for the generation of further income by drawing more people to the site. It is thus the developer’s duty to assess the site and, in this report to the School Governors, detail how the various issues put forth by the stakeholders shall be handled to make sure that the 2.5 million pounds budgeted for meet all the needs of developing the project (Kerzner, 2009, p. 9). Statutory Issues in Consideration There are several legal matters that need to be dealt with to ensure a smooth running of operations both currently and in the future. It is expected of the developer that all matters legal are put into consideration to eliminate all hurdles that may sabotage the project and lead to the loss of the benefits expected from the projects that will result from the facilities erected on the bought site. These issues shall be discusse d in the following section to quell the fears of the stakeholders and have their confidence and blessings as to the viability and profit potential of the project (Smock and Stewart, 2006, p. 30). The first issue is the legal access to the site that has been bought from the local authority. All the required documents concerning the transfer of land to the Drove Park School shall be obtained before the commencement of the project. The title deed shall be transferred to the Grove Park School before any activity is undertaken. It is expected that the complete transfer of the land from the local authority possessing it to the school shall be completed before the developer takes charge of the projects at hand. This is to avoid the eventualities that may result from the access to land that is under dispute due to one mishap or another (Russill, 2012, p. 41). Another legal issue that requires keen attention is the acquisition of the permit from the government to allow access to and developm ent of the land in question. An agreement shall be signed between Grove Park School and all the authorities that have a vested interest in the land to fully assure the Grove Park School that it has the full possession of the site at hand and that its developer is allowed full access and the use of the land (Nohe, 2009, p. 22). The site needs to be developed from a very poor and hopeless state to inspire the whole area and turn it into a business center of its own standing. Since it is expected that the project shall be very successful, plans should be put in place both with the owners of the land adjacent to the one under development to eliminate any future hurdles that may jeopardize development and other plans. The Grove Park School should thus focus on liaising with the local authorities to allow future expansion plans without breaking any laws in place. All government rules concerning the future plans of the project at hand should be known in advance both by the developer and al l parties with vested interest (Kerzner, 2009, p. 15). The developer at this stage assures all parties that all rules and regulations concerning the project both at present and in the future are well taken care of and there exists no major hurdle as to the development plans in place. Statutory

Addressing International Legal and Ethical Issues Simulation Summary Essay

Addressing International Legal and Ethical Issues Simulation Summary - Essay Example While taking legal action against a foreign business partner based in another country, there often exists certain practical considerations that need to be taken into account. Contextually, the laws prevailing in the host country may not be the same as in the domestic environment and may vary drastically. Moreover, the culture of the host nation as well as the ethical values possessed by foreign business partner may not place the same degree of importance to the aspects such as trust and belief (Aliment, 2009). Consequently, it is necessary for the guest business partner to consider and get acquainted with local values, norms and ethics for seeking legal action against a foreign business partner. With respect to CadMex Pharma company, its partnering company i.e. Gentura is located in Candor country. There are certain factors that may work against CadMex’s decisions to grant sublicensing agreements. It should be noted that a company having a number of sublicensing agreements is vulnerable to face lawsuits, if the third parties such as workers are involved in any kind of property damages or related activities. In other words, CadMex will be liable for any damages occurring due to any third party negligence. When, the local customs and laws conflict with the customs and laws of an organization operating abroad, essentially the local customs and laws of the particular country in which the company is located prevails. A company operating abroad has to abide by the laws, value the ethics and respect the culture of the host nation, failure to do so may render the company to attract legal actions against for not abiding by the rules and the regulations of the host country. Such legal actions may hurt the business relationship immensely and create misunderstanding against each other. I believe that local laws, ethics and cultural aspects are closely related with each other. If the

Project Implementation Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Project Implementation Process - Essay Example It is also expected by the stakeholders that some commercial uses like an artists’ studio shall have a place on the piece of land after it is developed for the generation of further income by drawing more people to the site. It is thus the developer’s duty to assess the site and, in this report to the School Governors, detail how the various issues put forth by the stakeholders shall be handled to make sure that the 2.5 million pounds budgeted for meet all the needs of developing the project (Kerzner, 2009, p. 9). Statutory Issues in Consideration There are several legal matters that need to be dealt with to ensure a smooth running of operations both currently and in the future. It is expected of the developer that all matters legal are put into consideration to eliminate all hurdles that may sabotage the project and lead to the loss of the benefits expected from the projects that will result from the facilities erected on the bought site. These issues shall be discusse d in the following section to quell the fears of the stakeholders and have their confidence and blessings as to the viability and profit potential of the project (Smock and Stewart, 2006, p. 30). The first issue is the legal access to the site that has been bought from the local authority. All the required documents concerning the transfer of land to the Drove Park School shall be obtained before the commencement of the project. The title deed shall be transferred to the Grove Park School before any activity is undertaken. It is expected that the complete transfer of the land from the local authority possessing it to the school shall be completed before the developer takes charge of the projects at hand. This is to avoid the eventualities that may result from the access to land that is under dispute due to one mishap or another (Russill, 2012, p. 41). Another legal issue that requires keen attention is the acquisition of the permit from the government to allow access to and developm ent of the land in question. An agreement shall be signed between Grove Park School and all the authorities that have a vested interest in the land to fully assure the Grove Park School that it has the full possession of the site at hand and that its developer is allowed full access and the use of the land (Nohe, 2009, p. 22). The site needs to be developed from a very poor and hopeless state to inspire the whole area and turn it into a business center of its own standing. Since it is expected that the project shall be very successful, plans should be put in place both with the owners of the land adjacent to the one under development to eliminate any future hurdles that may jeopardize development and other plans. The Grove Park School should thus focus on liaising with the local authorities to allow future expansion plans without breaking any laws in place. All government rules concerning the future plans of the project at hand should be known in advance both by the developer and al l parties with vested interest (Kerzner, 2009, p. 15). The developer at this stage assures all parties that all rules and regulations concerning the project both at present and in the future are well taken care of and there exists no major hurdle as to the development plans in place. Statutory

A Portfolio Reflection of Three Teaching Strategies and There Usage Essay Example for Free

A Portfolio Reflection of Three Teaching Strategies and There Usage Essay This writer has been teaching for the past twelve years; the introduction came at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus after graduating with a BSc. in Sociology and Politics where I first started tutoring in Introduction to Caribbean Politics and Sociology in the undergraduate programme. After three year of working in administration full-time and tutoring part-time, I decided that desk work was not for me as I felt as though I would go out of mind (literally, as the job held no challenges for me and there was no prospects of promotion to anything else but more ‘paper pushing’. To that end I applied to a number of universities in the United Kingdom and was successful. While studying in the United Kingdom for my Masters of Science in Criminology and Criminal Justice, I taught English as a Foreign Language to French and Italian students that summer in 1999. On return from the United Kingdom n September 1999, I started teaching in the Division of General/Continuing Education where I taught Caribbean Politics Society, Ethics and Citizenship (Cores) and Introduction to Sociology (Elective) to the general college student population; and resume tutoring in the Department of Government, Sociology and Social Work in the Faculty of Social Sciences, Cave Hill Campus. In April 2000 I started teaching in the Division of Commerce in the Department of Government and Political Studies and have since become the Head of the Department with responsibility for the Politics programme. During the summer of that year I lectured Introduction to Sociology in the Summer School Programme. I was asked to design a course for the Regional Police Training Centre to replace a previous course; this was called The Sociology of Crime and I was asked to teach the same. My interest in teaching also led me to create a number of courses at the college and one such course, The Sociology of Crime (Corrections Aspect) was adopted by the Training Division for an accelerated training course 2 for Prison Officers at Her Majesty’s Prisons; this I was also co-opted to teach as well. To date I remain the Head of Department, Government and Political Studies and I am a part-time lecturer/tutor in FOUN 1301 – Law, Governance, Economy and Caribbean Society at the Cave Hill Campus, a part-time lecturer in Drugs and Society (Summer School Programme), a part-time Tutor at the Regional Police Training Centre and Her Majesty’s Prisons Dodds. The portfolio has been defined as a systematic and organised collection of evidence used by the teacher and student to monitor growth of the students knowledge, skills, and attitudes in a specific subject area (Blake et al. 1995). Others (DeBruin-Parecki, et al. , 1997) have provided a more contemporary view which envisions the portfolio as â€Å"a purposeful, collaborative, self-reflective collection of student work generated during the process of instruction†. This paper is intended to help the writer to systematically gauge her progress toward the teaching profession by developing a portfolio. More importantly, it is intended to help other teacher candidates think reflectively on their decisions and experiences. Institutions of higher learning across the nation are responding to political, economic, social and technological pressures to be more responsive to students needs and more concerned about how well students are prepared to assume future societal roles. Faculty are already feeling the pressure to lecture less, to make learning environments more interactive, to integrate technology into the learning experience, and to use collaborative learning strategies when appropriate. The emphasis of learning to learn in curriculum reform has signaled to teachers to adopt student-centred strategies of teaching and different modes of assessment. The basis for the foregoing can be found in the Ministry of Education White Paper on Education Reform (1995). During the researcher’s years of teaching she has observed some unfavourable social skills being displayed by students in the classroom. Simple courtesies such as sharing or 3 saying â€Å"good-morning† appear to be disappearing from the habits of some students. This is symptomatic of the serious underlying problems in our society that need to be addressed urgently. The regularity with which some reference is made to the conduct of our youth, whether it is by teachers, parents, the media or society as a whole is disconcerting. If not curbed, these children take negative behaviours into their adult lives and this can be detrimental to the society as a whole. Cooperative/collaborative learning, portfolio assessment and problem solving/critical thinking, as an alternative assessment, are increasingly being used in higher education facilities around the world and here at the Barbados Community College, specifically in the Department of Government and Political Studies. Before embarking on this course of study, much of the knowledge this writer operated with and under was done based on what was never wanted as a student, the old way of mere â€Å"pallaring†. Notably, the change from listening to teachers teach and answering examination questions to taking the initiative to learn and demonstrating competence with self-selected evidence is a great challenge to the students. This paper first discusses the various constraints and difficulties of using, cooperative/collaborative learning, portfolio and problem solving/critical thinking as assessment and instructional strategies. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for successful use of these three strategies as a useful form of teaching and assessment can be measured at the same time. Included in this paper will be examples of artefacts of each teaching strategy along with a rationale and description of teaching strategy. It can be asserted that many students find the transition into Higher Education quite difficult, particularly if they have not studied for some length of time; also coming from the high school environment the same is obtained as many of these students have been ‘spoon fed’ and find it hard to adopt the new mode of teaching. It is against this backdrop that the writer layout this paper reflecting on various teaching strategies, namely Cooperative/ Collaborating Learning, Portfolios, and Problem Solving/Critical Thinking. Teaching strategies can be defined therefore as ways in which instructional material and activities are presented and conducted in an effort to meet the needs of every student. Notably, teaching strategies will vary from tutor to tutor and is usually based upon which method/strategy (ies) a particular tutor is most at ease in using and its effectiveness. On the other hand a teaching method is a way of presenting instructional materials or conducting instructional activities. The use of this portfolio is designed as an educational tool to present knowledge gain through thorough reading and based on the information presented by the various groups in the course. This teaching strategy can be used to improve the attitudes and performance of Tutors and Teachers within the classroom. It consists of reflections, artefacts and projections on each teaching strategy i. e. ooperative/collaborative learning, portfolios, and problem solving/critical thinking. Notably, establishing clear, practical classroom rules at the start of the school year can help you keep students on track to learning while promoting good behaviour and responsibility. Strategies focused on increasing student participation and learning were developed and implemented in three statics sections of varying sizes over the last two years. Overall student perception of these strategies and their impact on learning in three sections of different size is very favorable. In addition, analysis of student ratings grouped by cumulative GPA indicates different strategies are perceived as helpful by different groups of students. However, implementing a combination of strategies seems to help all groups. Many of these strategies work across all class sizes and do not require significant investment in technology or hardware. However, more work needs to be done to determine the effect of these strategies on actual student learning or performance. 5 A word of caution is appropriate. This paper describes different strategies but it is important to note that strategies by themselves may not improve student learning. How strategies are implemented by the instructor and the instructor’s attitude plays a significant role in student learning. An appropriate quote comes from Louis Schmier: â€Å"Education without caring, without a soul, without a spirit, without purpose beyond subject matter is as viable as a person with a brain but without heart. Pedagogy, technology, and techniques are no substitute for love and caring†. A Reflective Paper on the use of Cooperative/Collaborative Learning as a Teaching Strategy Cooperation is working together to accomplish shared goals. Within cooperative activities individuals seek outcomes that are beneficial to themselves and beneficial to all other group members. Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups so that students work together to maximise their own and each others learning. The idea is simple. Class members are organised into small groups after receiving instruction from the teacher.

Problems in Defining Poverty

Problems in Defining Poverty Title: Relief of poverty is widely perceived to be the central aim of the social security system. With poverty itself being such a complex phenomenon, it is hardly surprising that differing approaches have been adopted to its definition and measurement. (Neville Harris: Social Security and Society in Harris: Social Security Law in Context p.41) Discuss. Introduction Poverty is indeed a complex concept and phenomenon, and its definition is the subject of considerable academic and social polemic. It is certainly true that there is  no single, universally accepted definition of poverty. In point of fact multifarious definitions of poverty are available in the United Kingdom and from many multilateral and international organisations. One relatively uncontroversial observation that can be made is that modern definitions of poverty have evolved away from conceptions grounded on a paucity of the physical necessities of life and concentrate more on relative and social notions of the state. The Definition of Measurement of Poverty: Competing Perspectives Given the United Kingdom’s membership of the European Union and the sovereignty of EU law among its 25 Member States comprising around 460 million citizens it is submitted that as good a place as any to start is the EU definition of poverty. Throughout the 1990s the definition endorsed by the EU was: â€Å"an income of less than half the EU average†[1] This figure was  £150 a week in 1993, and by this objective definition, around 50 million citizens were deemed to be living in poverty in the EU in 1993. However, in recent years the EU has expanded to embrace a number of central and eastern European states which are significantly poorer than its more established western European Member States and partly as a consequence the EU definition of poverty has changed to the following: ‘Persons, families and groups of persons whose resources (material, cultural and social) are so limited as to exclude them from the minimum acceptable way of life in the Member State to which they belong’.[2] This is clearly a more relative measure of poverty, acknowledging that poverty should not merely be measured on financial criteria but that the practical exclusion of those individuals and groups living in poverty from normal patterns of living, activities and customs should also be taken into account. There is therefore an important distinction between absolute and relative concepts of poverty. Absolute poverty relates to a state in which individuals do not possess the items necessary for the sustenance of life, including shelter, clothing and food. In work published at the turn of the last century Rowntree stipulated that a so-called â€Å"poverty line† should be set on the basis of minimum needs.[3] Whereas in 1995 the United Nations Copenhagen Declaration[4] defined absolute poverty in the following terms: â€Å"a condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to social services. On the other hand, relative poverty is typically defined as the inability of an individual to engage and participate fully in cultural social and economic terms in the society in which they live. In simple terms relative poverty is therefore based on a comparison between poor individuals and other more fortunate members of society. Townsend has adopted this definition of poverty, stating that it constitutes: the absence or inadequacy of those diets, amenities, standards, services and activities which are common or customary in society.[5] In the United Kingdom poverty is measured in a variety of different ways and by different programmes.. These include: the National Plan on Social Exclusion[6], which was implemented after agreement at the 2000 Lisbon summit of the European Council to address poverty and social exclusion; the Households Below Average Income[7] statistical analysis, which applies a threshold of 60% of median income as a proxy to draw the poverty line; and the Opportunity For All[8] monitoring and review programme, which concentrates on assessing progress towards a fairer and more inclusive society. The United Kingdom Department of Work and Pensions[9] is engaged in an ongoing review of the formula and strategy it employs to measure income poverty. The current thinking is that the best approach would be a tripartite assessment centred on absolute low income, relative low income and material deprivation and low income combined.[10] A great many commentators in the field of sociology have criticised the notion of an absolute definition of poverty.[11] It has been argued that to adopt a general or global definition would be to fail to take account of the crucial socio-economic differentials that distinguish local communities, regions, and nation states. It is submitted that there is little doubt that relative definitions of poverty are now supported by the majority of sociologists.. Two arguments are typically invoked to support this line. First, it is contended that poverty is not a fixed concept but one that can only be properly comprehended and defined in the general socio-economic environment of the particular society in which individuals live. This means that an individual will be classed as in poverty by reference only to the living standards of those around him or her. However, this may be a pregnable position, given that by implication the â€Å"poor† in any given society may be defined by the â€Å"rich† and this may result in anomalies. It may be incongruous or inappropriate (in particular in the context of global poverty) to contend that a family that does not possess two cars, a DVD player, satellite TV and a computer with internet access should necessarily be defined as â€Å"in poverty† merely because those possessions are norms within the favoured society in question. Second, relative poverty is deemed an appropriate measure because individual societies possess a distinct and unique set of cultural norms and values. Arguably this contention is stronger because it seems appropriate that any definition poverty should take account of the sets of expectations, freedoms and choices that individuals have in the society of which they are a member. Cultural aspects of relative poverty focus on the ideal that all members of a society should be capable of sharing in the goods and services available and fundamental to that society and both engaging with and fully participating in the salient institutions of that society. On this basis, whereas the lack of a telephone might not be seen as putting an Ethiopian family into poverty, an old age pensioner living by herself in the United Kingdom might be deemed to be living in poverty if she does not possess such an instrument which is fundamental to life in our society. In the influential and authoritative study Poverty in the United Kingdom, Townsend argued: â€Å"Poverty can be defined objectively and applied consistently only in terms of the concept of relative deprivation†¦ Individuals, families and groups in the  population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the type of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and  amenities which are customary, or at least widely encouraged or approved, in the societies to which they belong. Their resources are so seriously below those commanded by the average individual or family that they are, in effect, excluded from ordinary living patterns, customs or activities.†[12] It appears therefore that the relativist approach is in the ascendancy, although this means that there can be no such thing as a clear poverty line, but rather a series of lines drawn in different contexts for different reasons. Concluding Comments In conclusion it is submitted that poverty, however it is ultimately defined or measured, is an inevitable by-product of the capitalist society in which we live, and which now proliferates in the Western World. Capitalism depends on a division between â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have nots† and however poverty is measured or defined it is most unlikely that it will ever be eradicated, given that the profit-motive which drives the commercial motor of society is dependent on its existence as a baseline for endeavour. In particular, if a relative concept of poverty because entrenched and sovereign, we will never rid ourselves of the state, because some faction of society will always be disadvantaged in comparison to the most favoured. The first part of the title to this work states that: â€Å"Relief of poverty is widely perceived to be the central aim of the social security system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This is probably true but the relief offered is largely analgesic only, providing basic painkilling for the symptoms of poverty but not directly addressing the root causes of poverty itself. The second part of the title to this work states: â€Å"With poverty itself being such a complex phenomenon, it is hardly surprising that differing approaches have been adopted to its definition and measurement. This is also true and can be explained by the fact that so many different agencies and policies, regional, national and international, are directed at tackling poverty for different reasons, from different perspectives and with different objectives..[13] Given the vast disparity that exists within society on a global but even on the national stage, it is hard to envisage a workable all-encompassing definition of poverty that would do justice to every context and every disadvantaged individual.. Consequently, it is likely and probably desirable that multiple definitions of poverty will continue to co-exist for the foreseeable future. BIBLIOGRAPHY Tiscali Reference Encyclopaedia: http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0021818.html Rowntree BS, â€Å"Poverty: A Study of Town Life†, (1901) Longman. United Nations, 1995, The Copenhagen Declaration and Programme of Action, UN. Townsend P., Poverty in the United Kingdom, (1979) Penguin. Department of Work and Pensions, National Plan on Social Exclusion: http://www.dwp..gov.uk/publications/dwp/2003/nap/ Department of Work and Pensions, Households Below Average Income: http://www.dwp..gov.uk/asd/hbai.asp Department of Work and Pensions, Opportunity For All: http://www.dwp.gov.uk/ofa/ Veit-Wilson, J (1987), Consensual Approaches to Poverty Lines and Social Security, Journal of Social Policy, 16(2), pp.183-211 Muffels, R, Berghman J and Dirven, H (1992), A Multi-Method Approach to Monitor the Evolution of Poverty, Journal of European Social Policy, 2(3), pp.193-213. 1 [1] http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0021818.html. [2] See: http://www.childreninwales.org.uk/2157.html. [3] Rowntree BS, â€Å"Poverty: A Study of Town Life†, (1901) Longman. [4] United Nations, 1995, The Copenhagen Declaration and Programme of Action, UN. [5] Townsend P., Poverty in the United Kingdom, (1979) Penguin. [6] See: http://www.dwp.gov.uk/publications/dwp/2003/nap/ [7] See: http://www.dwp.gov.uk/asd/hbai.asp. [8] See: http://www.dwp.gov.uk/ofa/. [9] See: http://www.dwp.gov.uk/. [10] It is proposed that each of the measurements should be on a before housing cost basis. [11] See inter alia: Veit-Wilson, J (1987), Consensual Approaches to Poverty Lines and Social Security. Journal of Social Policy, 16(2), pp.183-211. [12] Townsend P., Poverty in the United Kingdom, 1979, p31 [13] See for an insightful commentary and analysis: Muffels, R, Berghman J and Dirven, H (1992), A Multi-Method Approach to Monitor the Evolution of Poverty, Journal of European Social Policy, 2(3), pp.193-213.

Trojan War :: essays research papers

The Trojan War took place more than a few thousand years ago in ancient Greece. It was a war waged by the Greeks on the city of Troy. This war was said to have lasted ten years. It was caused by the abduction of Helen by Paris. Helen at the time was married to King Menalaus of Sparta. To avenge the kidnapping King Agamemnon of Mycenae and the warriors of Odysseus and Archilles followed Helen and Paris back to Troy and waged war upon the city for ten years. One day, the warriors thought of an idea. They built a giant hallow wooden horse witch everyone piled into. Then they set it outside the gates of Troy. When Paris saw this horse he thought it was a gift and he had won the war he brought into the middle of the city. When night fell the belligerent men inside crawled out and conquered the city of Troy, then was the ten year war finally over. Although the Trojan war was not real, it was based on a another war at Troy, it has taught us some lessons in the field of strategy and war fighting. In the following passage you will read more about what the Trojan War and Horse has taught us. The Trojan War mostly taught us about strategies of winning wars. The basic lesson was that of, the more keen and cunning the ideas the better the chance you can have of winning. We have taken the lesson an applied it to each year and century. Starting with things like simple bow and arrows, we have took that and made snipers. Then came things like guns although at first they were hard to use now we have guns that could kill from yards upon yards away. Even more recent we have infer red, "smart" bombs, tanks, bombers, helicopters, and also computers can be

Cigarette Advertising Essay example -- Marketing Tobacco

Truth About Cigarette Advertising Two lithe, tanned bodies lazily languish near a limpid river. The heads of the two persons are thrown back in poses of a supremely confident nature. Their facial features, though, are indistinguishable amidst the ephemeral haze which envelops them. Curiosity piqued and intently surveying the scene, one then notices the cigarettes dangling from the fingers of the pair. Advertisements such as this are now ubiquitous to the point of annoyance. These attempts to entice consumers to buy cigarettes are not simply trumped up exaggerations, as is the case with other products. Cigarette companies market their products with blatant lies. No one is shown with yellowed teeth or suffering from a hacking cough. Instead, smokers are always pictured as being in the pink of health. More alarmingly, smokers and smoking are perceived as being desirable. This perception has seemingly permeated every facet of popular culture. The sad truth today is—cigarettes are cool! More overt instances of cigarette companies attempting to marry their products with images having positive connotations occurred in the first half of the twentieth century. Since then, however, the marketing juggernauts of these organizations have become more adept at promoting their brands in nearly every sphere of public life. In the earlier times though, the principal mode of product placement was via magazines. Here are two such magazine advertisements. Kool magazine advertisement circa 1940 Camels magazine advertisement – circa 1950 In the first picture, which was put out during the Second World War, cigarettes are linked with the badges of the United States Armed Forces. Here, Kool attempts to ride the wave of support for Americ... ...g—turning all of us into potential cigarette addicts. I am of the firm opinion that legislature should be passed which prevents these companies from advertising in certain fields, particularly those pertaining to healthy pursuits such as sports. But, then again, these laws would have to be passed by many people who sit on the boards of, or had election campaigns funded by, cigarette companies. Those changes don’t seem too likely, do they? Works Cited â€Å"Cigarettes† Wikipedia Foundation Inc.1 Sep. 2006. Crary, David. â€Å"Tobacco giants wage fight against state anti-smoking measures.† Associated Press 13 Oct. 2006 Haralambos, Michael. Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. 3rd ed. London: HarperCollins, 1991. Nocera, Joe. â€Å"If It's Good for Philip Morris, Can It Also Be Good for Public Health?† New York Times 18 June. 2006: B46.