Taxonomy System and Linnaean System

Taxonomy System and Linnaean System Since the early life of human beings, we have grouped organisms into classifications for many different reasons related to science. The classification systems are very important because it allows scientists to easily identify and group organisms (socratic.org, 2017). Scientist usually group them by judging the degrees of their similarities and differences that are seen (study.com, 2017), Organism groups have been organised into groups by using systems called the taxonomy system and Linnaean system but changes have occurred over time and this has all been modernized into the phylocode since early 2000s. This first system that will be explained is the Linnaean system, this was developed in the early 18th century by Carl Linnaeus which he published a system for classifying living things but Linnaeus was the first scientist to develop a naming system or structure that helped convey information easily about what the species name is but also its closest relatives. These classifications were further modernized into orders such as taxonomy and including domain phyla domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species (Mnemoic-device.com, 2017). Before Carl Linnaeus came up with a standard naming system he created names for each individual species which were often confusing and enormously long and hard to remember. Carl Linnaeus then decided it would be better to name these species in Latin and would have two parts to the name and this was a two-part system which was named the binomial nomenclature but again this is the old system. Linnaeus is classified nature into a hierarchy, Carl proposed that there were three broad groups and these were called kingdoms. Then into which the whole of nature could fit, these kingdoms were animals, plants, and minerals. He divided each of these kingdoms into classes. (Study.com, 2017) These were further divided into genera and then species. We still use this system today, but society today has made some changes. The hierarchy of biological classifications is where all life can be classified into increasingly specific groups by sorting life into three domains which are Archaea, eubacteria and eukaryote-but the system ends with the most specific category which is the individual species has its own name. The Phylo code starts with the theoretical foundation but the phylo is the process of a naming system but only names the clades which a clade is a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants instead of naming each individual specie a different name. The naming of the clade in these species are defined in types although the aim of the new classification system is to show clear communication of naming and efficient storage of biological information but again the phylo only governs by the clade names. The phylo system is and independent of taxomic rank but also the phylogenetic system categorisers species. clades but are not in ranks but are kinds of biological entitles where species is a segment of population and the clade is in a monophyletic group of species or organisms.( The monophyletic is a taxon. A taxon is any group of organisms that is given a formal taxonomic name, A monophyletic taxon is one that includes a group of organisms descended from a single ancestor. whereas a polyphyletic taxon is composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor. (Mun.ca, 2017) Taxonomy is used as the prime base for the phylo system and Linnaeus system, taxonomy is the process of explaining and classifying organisms and includes all plants, animals and microorganism in the world. Taxonomy explains and shows what species are compatible to reproduce or interbreed and which cant together but for example a horse cant interbreed with a bear but species of animals that are in the same group can like a tiger and jaguar. The genus is a taxonomic rank which is lower than family in the Linnaeus system and higher than the species. (Em.wikipedia.org, 2017) The genus is a more general taxonomic category than species is (etc. generic name of a lion is pantherea Leo and the pantherea represents a tiger, snow leopard, jaguar and leopard but Leo represents the type of animal but that its in this certain cat family).The species is the last rank division, in this case named epithet. This is the second part of the scientific name and refers to one species within the genus, Species is commonly a group of organisms that have similar anatomical characteristics and reproducers that can successfully interbreed to produce off spring. Both the phyllo and Linnaeus have the objective to name species and give society and scientists a greater understanding of them but also they both use taxonomy as their base (Ca1-tls.edcdn.co, 2017). The two classification systems both use precedence and clear order of preference to determine the correct name of taxon synonyms, homonyms exist in both systems but also systems are ranked through the taxonomy system. Phylo code is a more fitting to the future of science and will develop as time goes but Linnaean system is no longer an easier source to use because Phylogenetic classification has two main advantages over the Linnaean system. First, The phylogenetic classification tells you something important about the organism: its evolutionary history. Second, phylogenetic classification does not attempt to rank organisms ,Linnaean classification ranks groups of organisms artificially into kingdoms, phyla, orders, etc. (Evolution.berkly.edu, 2017) The linnean system was a great platform for biologists and scientists but now has become formally invalid due to the phylo system having a greater advantage and enhanced system.

How Does Drug Abuse Affect Personal Development of Hong Kong Teenagers? Essay

Liberal Studies: Independent Enquiry Studies Enquiry theme: How does drug abuse affect personal development of Hong Kong teenagers? 1. Introduction I am interested in the topic of drug abuse since I first study the bad effects of drug abuse. However, the reason I chose drug abuse as my enquiry topic because a new that I recently read .It showed a very dangerous trend appears in Hong Kong which is more and more teenagers try to abuse drugs. It also found that drug abuse would cause great damage towards the personal development of teenagers. As I am very worry about this issue so I developed interest on the issue of teenage drug abuse. I also found that the age of teenager who abuse drugs become younger and younger. 1From the statistic done in 2009 shows that there were 8,916 drug users reported in the first six months of the year, which is 1.7% more than the same period in 2008. The number of drug users under 21 years old rose from 2,106 to 2,175. This information shows the urgency to pay attention to the problem. If we do not pay attention to the issue of teenage drug abuse, many teenagers will suffer greatly from drug abuse. Furthermore, I had also done an interview with a social worker, Miss Fung. I have a more clear understanding towards the reasons that cause teenagers to abuse drugs. I think it is very important to consider the reasons of teenage drug abuse .We can try to prevent teenager drug abuse only when we know why they try to abuse drugs. Furthermore, we also need to consider the bad effects of teenage drug abuse towards their personal development so that teenagers could understand the seriousness of drug abuse. This is also an effective ways in preventing teenage from abusing drugs. 1 Teen Drug Use Increasing in Hong Kong Posted on September 8, 2009 http://www.teendrugabuse.org/drugs-abused/teen-drug-use-increasing-in-hong-kong 3 2. Objectives 1. 2. To find out reasons that teenagers try to abuse drugs To find out whether the problem of teenage drug abuse is serious among Hong Kong teenagers? 3. 4. To see the effect of abusing drugs towards teenagers’ personal development. To give some suggestion on how to prevent teenagers drug abuse. Focus Questions 1. What is meant by drug abuse? 2. Are Hong Kong teenagers abuse drugs is a common phenomenon in the society? 3. What are the reasons that drive the Hong Kong teenagers to abuse drugs? 4. What are the bad effects causes by drugs abusing towards the teenagers’ personal development? 5. How can the society help to prevent teenage drug abuse? 4 3. Research Methodology 3.1 Questionnaire The target interviewees are teenagers aged between 12 to 21 years old. There are 43 respondents for the questionnaire. This questionnaire was set in English. The questionnaire is an online interview which designed in the form of multiple choice or some ranking questions to find out the reasons that drive teenagers to abuse drugs and the negative impacts brought by drug abuse, and the effectiveness of some preventive measures towards teenage drug abuse. The questionnaire is divided into 4 parts. Part 1 asked for the personal information about the interviewees, part 2 asks for the cause of teenage drug abuse, part 3 asks for the bad impacts brought by drug abuse and part 4 asks for the effectiveness of some preventive methods in preventing teenage drug abuse. 3.2 Interview The data collection process also includes an interview with a teenage social worker who had worked as a teenage social worker for 6 years. During the interview, a series of questions about teenage drug abuse were being asked  in order to collect data for the research. For example, in your point of view, what are the main causes that drive teenagers to abuse drugs? 3.3 Limitations There are some questions in the questionnaire are used to decide the effectiveness of some preventive measures towards teenage drug abuse. Therefore, it is a bit difficult for the respondents may found that it is difficult to answer these questions the questions. However, it is necessary to determine the effectiveness of these preventive measures so as to conclude some effective preventive measures in preventing teenage drug abuse. Also, there were only 43 respondents to answer the questionnaire so the data collected may not able to represents the general condition of teenage drug abuse in Hong Kong. Moreover, the main cause of teenage drug abuse and the bad effects of teenage drugs could be 5 finding out in the questionnaire. 4. Literature Review The problem of drug abuse of Hong Kong teenagers became a very hot topic among the society. There are also some figures shows that there are increasing trend of Hong Kong teenagers abuse drugs and there are many surveys show that teenage drug abuse would caused many bad effects towards their growth and development. I would give a brief analysis based on the following articles. The article â€Å"Teen drug use in Hong Kong† shows that there is an increasing number of teenage drug abuser in Hong Kong. At the same time, the age of drug abusers become much younger than the previous years. The statistic shows that there were 8,916 drug users reported in the first six months of 2009, 1.7% more than the same period last year. The number of drug users under 21 years old rose from 2,106 to 2,175.Most importantly, the drug users aged 12 to 15, the number of which has grown 25% from 204 to 256. This shows that there is an urgent need to take action to stop and prevent teenagers in Hong Kong to abuse drugs. On the other hand, the article â€Å"Problems arising from drug abuse† by Valerie Belew studied the problems caused by drug abuse. It studied is not just focus on the problem s caused by drug abuse towards teenagers but it studied the problems as a  whole. The problems caused by drug abuse would also happen in adult. It pointed out the seriousness of drug abuse towards once personal development. The articles divided the problems arise from drug abuse into 5 aspects, addiction as Brain dysfunction, developmental problems, physical disease, family problems and financial problems. The article is useful I providing a detailed information about the bad effects caused by drug abuse. Although the problems caused by drug abuse discussed in the article are not addressed to teenagers, the information can also be applied to the negative impacts of teenage drug abuse towards their personal development. 6 5. Findings and Analysis 5.1 General information of the questionnaire I posted the questionnaire in the website (www.my3q.com) on 12/4/2010. There are totally 43 respondents answered the questions. 5.2 Definition of drug abuse Definition provided by respondents Misuse of prescription or over-the-counter drugs No of respondents 3 5 A maladaptive pattern of use of a substance that is not considered dependent Intake of illegal drugs Over intake of certain drugs which lead to addiction 10 25 Table 1 According to table 1, different respondents have different opinion onto the definition of drug abuse. These definitions given by respondents are correct. This shows that most of the Hong Kong teenagers have a brief understanding towards the meaning of drug abuse. However, their concept of drug abuse is not clear enough. The most comprehensive definition of drug abuse is a 2compulsive, excessive, and self-damaging use of habit forming drugs or substances, leading to addiction or dependence, serious  physiological injury (such as damage to kidneys, liver, heart) and or psychological harm (such as dysfunctional behavior patterns, hallucinations, memory loss), or death. It also called substance abuse. Therefore, the definitions given by the respondents are very similar the most comprehensive definitions. This shows that teenagers understand the meaning of drug 2 Drug abuse http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/drug-abuse.html 7 abuse. 5.3 The universality of the problem of teenage drug abuse in Hong Kong Do you think the problem of teenage drug abuse is common in Hong Kong? 16% Yes No 84% Chart 1 From the above data, 16 % (7/43))of respondents think that the problem of teenage drug abuse is common in Hong Kong while there are 84% (36/43) of respondents believe that the problem of teenage drug abuse is common in Hong Kong. It shows that most of the respondents think the problem of teenage drug abuse is common in Hong Kong. 8 5.4 Reasons that cause teenage drug abuse What cause teenagers to take drugs? (Can choose more than one blanks) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 34 27 20 12 6 5 Peer influence Seeking for excitement Escaping from the sadness Imitating the manner of parents Underestimate the bad effects of drugs Others Chart 2 5.4.1 Peer influence According to Chart 2, the main reasons that cause the respondents to abuse drugs is â€Å"Peer influence †, where 36 respondents had chosen this item. Peer is a very influential group among teenagers. 3As teenagers usually spend a large amount of times with their peers so peers will play a very influential role in teenagers’ live. The credibility, authority, power, and influence of peers are greater during adolescence than at any other time in life. Therefore, teenagers will seek for acceptance and belonging to their peer groups. In this way, teenagers are more likely to abuse drugs if their peers had abuse drugs so as to gain peer recognition. Also, teenagers would feel it is difficult to refuse the requests by their peers. As they worried they would be isolated by their peers if they refused their requests so they would usually take the requests 3 Peer Influence – Development Of Peer Influence, Negative Peer Influence, Positive Peer Influence, Family Relationships And Peer Influence – JRank  Articles http://family.jrank.org/pages/1265/Peer-Influence.html#ixzz1aI7t6nxU 9 f their peers. Even though they know that abusing drugs is bad for their health, they would still follow their peers to abuse drugs. Teenagers would feel more save if they follow the manners of their peers. Therefore, they would follow the manners of their peers like abusing drugs if their peers ask them to do so. 5.4.2 Seeking for excitement Seeking for excitement is also a very important reason that cause teenagers abuse drugs. There are 27 respondents think that â€Å"seeking for excitement† is the main reasons that cause teenage drug abuse. In fact, seeking for excitement is a very common characteristic among teenagers. As teenagers usually focus on studies in their age and they may feel bored of studying. Thus they would like to seek for some excitement in order to make their live more â€Å"interesting†. Some kind of drugs may cause some side effects like a sense of excitement after in taking them. Therefore, some teenagers would like to take these drugs in order to gain a sense of excitement. 5.4.3 Escaping from sadness According to chart2, there are 20 respondents think that â€Å"escaping from sadness† is an important reason that cause teenagers abuse drugs. Teenagers are not mature enough in their age so they easily develop an idea of escaping from the reality when they faced difficulties. People may have hallucination or they may lose their senses after they took drugs. Therefore, some teenagers would like to take drugs so as to forget their sadness and enjoy the hyper feeling brought by taking drugs. Thus, these teenagers abuse drugs in order to escape from their sadness in reality. 5.4.4 Others All of the respondents chosen others believe that the main reason that causes drug abuse is curiosity. Teenagers usually feel very curious about different things that they have not tried before. At the same time, many adults emphasis that drug abuse would cause great harm towards their personal 10 development. Hence, teenagers would be more curious about drug abuse so they would try to abuse drugs due to curiosity. 5.5 Bad effects brought by abusing drugs Do you think drug abuse will bring any negative impacts towards the society? 0% Yes No 100% Chart 3 Are the following the negative impacts of drug abuse? 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 17 10 17 10 25 20 14 17 39 11 Chart 4 According to Chart 3, all of the 43 respondents believe that drug abuse will bring some negative effects towards the society. Drug abuse would cause great damage towards health of the drug addicts. Thus, these drug addicts may not able to continue with their work or affect their performance in working after they abuse drugs. This will defiantly reduce the productivity of Hong Kong. Furthermore, drug abuse will cause great damage towards the health of drug addicts. Then, they need to visit the doctors frequently to receive medical treatment. This would place a heavy burden of medical services in Hong Kong. It will also increase the medical expenditure which may reduce the expenditure spend o other development. Therefore, it will slow down economic development. On the other hand, drug addicts are not able to control themselves due to the side effects of drugs. Thus, they may perform some dangerous behavior after they take drugs like crossing the road without considering the condition of pavement. This will increase the risk of accidents. It is also very dangerous if these drug addicts to drive cars after abusing drugs. This could also increase the risk of car accidents which place a serious threat towards the security system of Hong Kong. Therefore, drug abuse would definitely ring lots of negative impacts towards the society. On the other hand, according to chart 4, 39 respondents think that drug abuse would lead to addiction. Drug addiction is a dependence on illegal drugs or medications. Once people had tried taking drugs, they could hardly resist the temptation of taking drugs again and again. 4Actually, drug addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful 4 Understanding of drug abuse and drug addiction http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/understand.html 12 consequences to the addicted individual and to those around him or her. Although the initial decision to take drugs is voluntary for most people, the brain changes that occur over time challenge a person’s self control and ability to resist intense impulses urging them to take drugs. Once they stop in taking drugs, the side effects of taking these drugs like irritability and disorientation would appear more frequently which would cause great pain onto the drug addicts. If teenage drug addicts become addict onto drugs, this would not just cause damage to their health. As these teenage drug addicts also has to frequently in take drugs if they addicted onto drugs. Moreover, the cost of drugs is really expansive so it will place a very heavy economic burden towards these teenage drug addicts. Also, if they are addicted into drugs, they will put their full attention onto drugs. Then they would not able to concentrate onto their studies when they addicted  onto drugs. Therefore, addiction onto drugs would badly affect the personal growth and development. Furthermore, there are 25 of respondents think that drug abuse would cause waning of memory. People would hardly remember things. They would be very forgetful. Drug addicts who suffered from this side effects caused by abusing drugs could never be recovered. It is because the reason that people become forgetful after abusing drugs is due to the damage of some tissues and cell in the brain. The drugs that in took by drug addicts would damage their brain cells or tissues which cause the loss of memory. Therefore, people could hardly remember things in this situation. This would greatly affect the daily activities of the drug addicts. They could hardly finish their work when they suffered from this side effect. If teenagers in take these drugs and develop this side effects, this would badly affect their studies. The worst case is that these teenage drug addicts could not continue with their studies. Therefore, waning of memory is a long term effects onto the drug addicts which are not able to recover forever. Thus, this would also cause serious bad effects onto their future career. Therefore, waning of memory is really a serious negative effect of drug abuse which would badly affect the personal growth and development of teenagers. 13 In addition, there is 20 respondents chose â€Å"depression† as one of the bad effects of drug abuse. Actually, certain drugs may contribute to the etiology of depressive symptoms and depressive disorders. Drug addicts would easily feel depressed after they took these drugs. Also, when the hyper feeling brought by the drugs passed, drug addicts would feel much depressed. It is because they need to be back to the reality which may have many difficulties. The drug addicts may cause depression in when they were back to the cruel reality. If teenage drug addicts frequently feel depressed, they may easily choose other ways to help them to solve this problem which is suicide. As teenagers is not mature enough in handling depression, so they would easily come up the idea of suicide in order to help them to escape from sadness. Therefore, depression would cause serious bad effects onto the personal growth and development of teenagers. 5.6 Methods of prevention of teenage drug abuse Do you know what the School-Based mandatory drug testing scheme about? 2% Yes No 98% Chart 5 14 Do you think the scheme can decrease the number of teenagers take drugs? 33% Yes No 67% Chart 6 5.6.1 Universality of the mandatory drug testing scheme According to chart 5, 98% (42/43) respondents know about the mandatory drug testing scheme. The mandatory drug testing scheme is a trial scheme organized by the government which aim at 5 enhancing the resolve of students who have not taken any drugs to continue to stay away from drugs. Also, for students abusing drugs, the scheme can trigger their motivation to seek help and provide appropriate professional support to help them kick the habit early. After introducing this scheme to public, it aroused great public concern about the privacy of students. Although all the results of the scheme would not be publican, many people still believed that this scheme would interfere the privacy of students. The variety of opinions given by different interest groups enable the scheme became a very  controversial issue in Hong Kong. Hence, more and more Hong Kong citizens would pay attention to the scheme and learn more about this mandatory drug testing scheme. Therefore, there will have such a large proportion of respondents’ show that they know about this scheme. 5 Details of Trial Scheme on School Drug Testing in Tai Po District announced http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200910/19/P200910190178.htm 15 5.6.2 Effectiveness of the mandatory drug testing scheme On the other hand, according to chart 6, there are about 67% (28/43) of respondents believe that this mandatory drug testing scheme can effectively decrease the number of teenage drug addicts in Hong Kong. As this scheme is mainly carried out in schools so it can successfully find out teenage drug addicts in school and provide suitable medical treatment in order to help them to stop abusing drugs. Therefore, this scheme can successfully help in decreasing the number of teenage drug addicts in Hong Kong. However, there are 33% (14/42) of respondents believe this scheme is not effective in decreasing the number of teenage drug addicts in Hong Kong. It is because this scheme is a voluntary drug testing scheme. Thus, teenage drug addicts can refuse to join this scheme so this scheme is quite difficult to find out these teenage drug addicts in school. Therefore, these respondents believe that this mandatory drug testing scheme is not effective in decreasing he number of teenage drug addicts in Hong Kong. Moreover, according to the data collected, people still carry a positive attitude towards this mandatory drug testing scheme. 5.6.3 Promotion by the government Do you know about any promotion on preventive measure of drug abuse done by the government? 16% Yes No 84% 16 Chart 7 According to chart 7, 84% (36/43) of respondents acquired some promotions on preventing drug abusing done by the government. In recent years, there are more and more surveys show that there is an increasing trend of teenage drug abuse. This arouses public attention. Therefore, the government put more efforts in promoting the preventive measures of teenage drug abuse. For example, government inserts many television commercial and different kinds of advertisement for promoting the preventive measures. Therefore, people can easily acquire these promotions on preventing drug abusing. This can help to gain public awareness onto the prevention of drug abuse which is a very effective ways in preventing teenage drug abuse. However, there are 16% (7/43) of respondents did not acquire any promotions on preventive measures of drug abuse done by the government. This shows that the promotion done by the government in preventing drug abuse is not enough. Therefore, the government has to pay more efforts in promoting the preventive measures of drug abuse so as to prevent teenagers from abusing drugs. 5.6.4 Effectiveness of some preventive measures in preventing teenage drug abuse Government do more promotion on the bad effects of drug abusing 2% 12% 21% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 65% Chart 8 17 According to chart 8, there are 86% (37/43) of respondents think that government do more promotion on the bad effects of drug abuse is an effective ways in preventing teenage drug abuse. Some of the teenagers may underestimate the bad effects brought by drug abuse. If they could understand the seriousness consequences of drug abuse, this may help to prevent them from trying drugs. Therefore, it is a very effective way in preventing teenagers from abusing drugs. Parents cooperate with schools to keep an eye on the manner of teenagers 0% 14% 14% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 72% Chart 9 According to chart 9, there are 86% (37/43) of respondents thinks that the most effective way in preventing teenage drug abuse is the cooperation between parents and schools to keep an eye on the manner of teenagers. As the symptoms’ caused by drug abuse are very obvious. Therefore, if parents and the schools can keep an eye on their manner, it can easily find out the teenage drug abusers. Hence, parents could try to find some treatment in order to help their children get rid of drugs. Therefore, it is also an effective way in preventing teenage drug abuse. 18 Parents communicate more with their children 0% 21% 12% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 67% Chart 10 According to chart 10, there are 79 %( 34/43) of respondents thinks that more communications between parents and children is an effective way in preventing teenage drug abuse. Parents are a very influential group in the life of teenagers. Although children may sometimes show rebellion to their parents, they usually tend to listen to the advice given by their parents. Parents could find out whether their children had taken drugs through rapid communications between parents and children. It is easier for the teenage drug addicts to get rid of drugs when they receive medical treatment as early as possible. They can also stop their children from abusing drugs once they found out that they had tried drugs before. Therefore, it is also an effective way in preventing teenage drug abuse. 5.6.1 Conclusion Among 10 preventive ways given in the questionnaire, most of the respondents believe that â€Å"Parents communicate more with their children†, â€Å"Parents cooperate with schools to keep an eye on the manner of teenagers† and â€Å"Government do more promotion on the bad effects of drug abusing† are the best ways in preventing teenage drug abuse. 19 5.7 Sources of information about drugs Where is your major source of information about drugs come from? 5% 19% Promotion by the government (e.g.: advertisement, leaflets) Books Newspaper 35% 9% Talks Internet Others 23% 9% Chart 11 According to chart11, there are 35% (15/43) of respondents obtain information about drugs through internet while there are 23% (10/43) of respondents obtain information about drugs through newspaper. Also, there are 19% (8/43) of respondents obtain information about drugs through promotions by government. This shows that the Hong Kong has pay great attention onto the problem of teenage drug abuse which can provide a good environment in preventing teenage drug abuse. 5.8 Interview I had done an interview with Miss.Fung, a teenage social worker who has handled numerous of cases about teenage drug abuse. She gave a detailed distribution about the cause and bad effects of teenage drug abuse which is very similar to the data collected through questionnaire. However, she gave a great suggestion in preventing teenage drug abuse. She suggested that the government should turn the voluntary drug testing scheme into a compulsory drug testing scheme. She believed this would be a very effective way in preventing teenage drug abuse. 20 6. Conclusion From the research, we found that most of the people think that the problem of teenage drug abuse is very common in Hong Kong. Therefore, the problem of teenage drug abuse is quite serious in Hong Kong that we should pay attention on it and try to take actions to stop this problem from becoming more serious in the future. The main reasons that drive teenage abusing drugs are peer influence, seeking for excitement and escaping from sadness. Between all these reasons, peer influence is a major cause of teenage drug abuse as they do not want to refuse the requests of their friends in order to gain recognition. Therefore, we need to consider some preventive measures of teenage drug abuse that could address to this main cause. There are many bad effects that are caused by teenage drug abuse. The most common bad effects are addition, waning of memory and depression. All these bad effects would have great impact towards the teenage drug addicts which may badly affect their personal growth and development. We also found that more communications between parents and children, cooperation between parents and school in order to keep an eye on the manner of teenagers, more government promotions about the bad effects of drug abuse can help in preventing teenage drug abuse. Also, imposing a compulsory drug testing scheme in order to find out teenage drug addicts in Hong Kong is also an effective way in preventing teenage drug abuse. 21 7. Reflective After finishing the whole projects, I found that I have learned many things through doing this project. I have a more clear understanding towards teenage drug abuse in this moment. Although it is very great that I could learn so many things in this project, this project is a very difficult task for me as I need to finish it by myself. The level of difficulty is three time that of finishing a group work project. In the beginning, I chose teenage drug abuse as my enquiry theme because I think this topic is really easy. I can easily find many sources about teenage drugs abuse. Hence, I can finish my project as soon as possible. However, I am totally wrong. There are many difficulties I faced during the project. I found it difficult to identify the useful information about teenage drug abuse from a long passage of article. It took a long time to read through the sources and extract useful information from them. The techniques taught by teacher in choosing articles helped me to save up the time for reading useless articles. Besides, most of the information about teenage drug abuse is secondary source. Therefore, I have to find some primary sources so as to enable my project to be a more comprehensive project. Then, I chose to do interviews with social workers in order to obtain primary sources. This is another difficult task that I have to tackle with during the project. I found it difficult to look for social workers that are willing to do interview with me. After making several times of invitations, I successfully find a social worker to help me in doing the interview. Although I can only do the interview through phones, this interview helps me greatly in doing this project. As a whole, I think it is a very valuable experience in finishing such a big project by myself. Besides the knowledge I obtained from the project, I also learn some ways in tackling difficulties which are very important that I could never learn them through books. I believe these problem 22 tacking skills would be very useful even I am in the university. (Word Count: 4558) 23 8. Bibliography Type of materials Newspaper Books/ Articles/ Reports 2.é â€™Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¦ ¿ «Ã¨â€" ¥ Ã¥  ¯Ã¦â‚¬ ¥Ã¦â‚¬ §Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã¦ ­ » æ  ±Ã¦â€" ¹Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥   ± 1.Dennis Erng and Advian (Author) (October 18, 2010) South China morning Post (A1) é ¦â„¢ æ ¸ ¯ Ã¥ ¤ § Ã¥ ­ ¸ æ Å½ 嘉 è ª   é† « Ã¥ ­ ¸ é™ ¢ å…’ ç « ¥ Ã¥ Å  é â€™ Ã¥ °â€˜ Ã¥ ¹ ´ ç §â€˜ Ã¥ ­ ¸ ç ³ » è‡ ¨ Ã¥ ºÅ  å‰ ¯ æ•™ 授 (auth or) (September 5,2010) 3.æ   ¡ Ã¥Å"’ é ©â€" æ ¯â€™ è ¨Ë† ç• « æ“ ¬ æ“ ´ è‡ ³ å… ¨ æ ¸ ¯ ä » » ç §â‚¬ ç ¾ ¤ ,Ã¥ ¼ µ ä ¸â‚¬ è  ¯ (author) 2010 Ã¥ ¹ ´ 9 æÅ"ˆ 30 æâ€" ¥ 星 Ã¥ ³ ¶ æâ€" ¥ Ã¥   ± 4.æâ€" °Ã¨Ë†Ë†Ã¨ ¿ ·Ã¥ ¹ »Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã¥â€œ Ã§â€ž ¡Ã§ ® ¡Ã¥Ë† ¶ æ  ±Ã¦â€" ¹Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥   ± 5.æ ¿ «Ã¨â€" ¥Ã© â€™Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥â€¦ «Ã¦Ë† Ã¨ ¨ËœÃ¦â€  ¶Ã¥ â€"æ   2011-01-18 星 Ã¥ ³ ¶ æâ€" ¥ Ã¥   ± 6.é â€™Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¦ ¿ «Ã¨â€" ¥Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦ ¡Ë†Ã¦â‚¬ ¥Ã¥ ¢Å¾Ã¤ ¸â€°Ã¦Ë†  (星å ³ ¶)2010 Ã¥ ¹ ´ 12 æÅ"ˆ 26 æâ€" ¥ 星æÅ"Ÿæâ€" ¥ è ¨ËœÃ¨â‚¬â€¦Ã¯ ¼Å¡Ã¥ ¼ µÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¨  ¯ Teen Drug Use Increasing in Hong Kong September 8, 2009 ç› ¸Ã© â€¡=å‚ ·Ã§â„¢â€™Ã¢â€â‚¬Ã¢â€â‚¬Ã¦Ë†â€™Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã¦ ­ ·Ã§ ¨â€¹Ã§â€Å¸Ã¥â€˜ ½Ã¦â€¢â€¦Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã©â€ºâ€  é™ ³Ã¥Å"‹æ º ªÃ£â‚¬ Ã© º ¥Ã¥ ® ¶Ã¨ ¼ Ã§ · ¨Ã¨â€˜â€" Problems arising from drug abuse 戒æ ¯â€™Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¤ ½â€¢Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸â€"æâ€" ·Ã¥ ° ¾ Websites: æ Å½Ã¥ ° Ã§ Å  Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã© â€œÃ¦â€º ¸Ã¦ ¨â€œÃ¥â€¡ ºÃ§â€°Ë† 星å ³ ¶Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥   ± æŽ ¢ Ã¥ °â€ž 燈 Ã¥ °  ç µâ€ž (auth or) (October 7,2010) by Valerie Belew, eHow Contributor ICE Case Studies http://wwwl.aeric.edu/ied/ice/DIAOYU.htm Video: Cheng-China Huang (July 1997) http://programme.rthk.hk/rthk/tv/programme.php?name=tv/drugbattle2011&p=4987&m=archi ve&page=1&item=100 24 9. Appendix Questionnaire I am a F.5 student of St. Francis’ Canossian College. I am doing a survey about teenage drug abuse in Hong Kong. Please fill in the questionnaire below. The information will be used for academic purposes only. Please put a tick in the chosen boxes. 1. Age: ââ€" ¡ 12-18 ââ€" ¡ 19-22 ââ€" ¡ 23or above 2. Have you ever abuse drugs before? Yes ââ€" ¡ No 3. What is meant by drug abuse? 4. Do you think the problem of teenage drug abuse is common in Hong Kong? ââ€" ¡ Yes ââ€" ¡ No 5. What cause teenagers to take drugs? (Can choose more than one blanks) ââ€" ¡ Peer influence ââ€" ¡ Seeking for excitement ââ€" ¡ ââ€" ¡ ââ€" ¡ ââ€" ¡ Escaping from the sadness Imitating the manner of parents Underestimate the bad effects of drugs Others: (please specify) 6. Do you think drug abuse will bring any negative impacts towards the society? ââ€" ¡ Yes ââ€" ¡ No 7. Are the following the negative impacts of drug abuse? ( can choose more than one blanks) ââ€" ¡ Addiction (æˆ Ã§â„¢ ®) ââ€" ¡ Respiratory depression(Ã¥ £â€œÃ¦Å â€˜Ã¥â€˜ ¼Ã¥  ¸) ââ€" ¡ Nausea (å™ Ã¥ ¿Æ') ââ€" ¡ Loss of appetite (é £Å¸Ã¦â€¦ ¾Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦Å' ¯) ââ€" ¡ Waning of memory (è ¨ËœÃ¦â€  ¶Ã¥Å â€ºÃ¨ ¡ °Ã©â‚¬â‚¬) ââ€" ¡ Dehydration (è„ «Ã¦ ° ´) ââ€" ¡ Depression (抑é ¬ ±) 25 ââ€" ¡ Insomnia (Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã§Å"  ) ââ€" ¡ Dizziness (暈çÅ" ©) 8. Do you know what the School-Based mandatory drug testing scheme about? ââ€" ¡ Yes (please answer question 7) ââ€" ¡ No (please move on answering question 8) 9. Do you think the scheme can decrease the number of teenagers take drugs? ââ€" ¡ Yes ââ€" ¡ No 10. Do you know about any promotion on preventive measures of drug abuse done by the government? ââ€" ¡ Yes ââ€" ¡ No 11. How effective are the following methods help preventing teenage drugs abuse? Circle the number. Very Effective Parents communicate more with their children Parents learn more about the symptom of drug abusing Parents cooperate with schools to keep an eye on the manner of teenagers Government do more promotion on the bad effects of drug abusing Government proposed a mandatory drug testing scheme Government send more social workers to talk with drug abuser Government build more drug rehabilitation centers (戒æ ¯â€™Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ¿Æ') School provide sources to teachers so as to let them know more about the symptoms of drug abusing Hold more talks to educate the teenagers at school 26 Effective 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Not Effective 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Poor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 1 Teacher communicate more with students 4 3 2 1 12. Where did you get the information about drugs? (Can choose more than one blanks) ââ€" ¡ Promotion by the government (e.g.: advertisement, leaflets) ââ€" ¡ Books ââ€" ¡ Newspaper ââ€" ¡ Talks ââ€" ¡ Internet ââ€" ¡ Others: (please specify) This is the end of the questionnaire. Thank you for finishing the questionnaire. Charts: 1. Age: Age 0% 7% 12 to 18 19-22 23 or above 93% A-12-18 (40) B-18-22 (3) C-23or above (0) 27 2 Have you ever abuse drugs before? Have you ever abuse drugs before? 26% Yes No 74% A- Yes (11) B. No (32) 3. What is meant by drug abuse? Definition provided by respondents Misuse of prescription or over-the-counter drugs No of respondents 3 5 10 25 A maladaptive pattern of use of a substance that is not considered dependent Intake of illegal drugs Over intake of certain drugs which lead to addiction 4. Do you think the problem of teenage drug abuse is common in Hong Kong? Do you think the problem of teenage drug abuse is common in Hong Kong? 16% Yes No 84% A-Yes (36) B-No (7) 28 4.What cause teenagers to take drugs? (Can choose more than one blanks) What cause teenagers to take drugs? (Can choose more than one blanks) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 34 27 20 12 6 5 Peer influence Seeking for excitement Escaping from the sadness Imitating the manner of parents Underestimate the bad effects of drugs Others A- Peer influence (34) B- Seeking for excitement (27) C- Escaping from the sadness (20) D- Imitating the manner of parents (6) E- Underestimate the bad effects of drugs (12) F- Others (5) No Selection (0) Select 1 item (10) Select 3 items (15) Select 5 items (1) Select 2 items (12) Select 4 items (5) Select 6 items (0) 5. Do you think drug abuse will bring any negative impacts towards the society? Do you think drug abuse will bring any negative impacts towards the society? 0% Yes No 100% A-Yes (43) B-No (0) 29 6. Are the following the negative impacts of drug abuse? Are the following the negative impacts of drug abuse? 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 39 25 17 10 17 10 20 14 17 No Selection (0) Select 1 item (3) Select 5 items (4) Select 9 items (3) 7. Do you know what the School-Based mandatory drug testing scheme about? Select 2 items (13) Select 6 items (5) Select 3 items (6) Select 7 items (3) Select 4 items (6) Select 8 items (0) Do you know what the School-Based mandatory drug testing scheme about? 2% Yes No 98% A- Yes (please answer question 7) (42) B- No (please move on answering question 8) (1) 30 8. Do you think the scheme can decrease the number of teenagers take drugs? Do you think the scheme can decrease the number of teenagers take drugs? 33% Yes No 67% A- Yes (28) B- No (14) 9. Do you know about any promotion on preventing drug abusing done by the government? Do you know about any promotion on preventive measures of drug abuse done by the government? 16% Yes No 84% A- Yes (36) No (7) 10. How effective are the following methods help preventing teenage drugs abuse? 31 Parents communicate more with their children 0% 12% 21% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 67% A-Very Effective (5) B-Effective (29) C-Not Effective (9) D-Poor (0) Parents learn more about the symptom of drug abusing 0% 9% 30% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 61% A-Very Effective (4) B-Effective (26) C-Not Effective (13) D-Poor (0) 32 Parents cooperate with schools to keep an eye on the manner of teenagers 0% 14% 14% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 72% A- Very Effective (6) B- Effective (31) C- Not Effective (6) D- Poor (0) Government proposed a mandatory drug testing scheme 2% 7% 28% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 63% A- Very Effective (3) B- Effective (27) C- Not Effective (12) D- Poor (1) 33 Government do more promotion on the bad effects of drug abusing 2% 12% 21% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 65% A- Very Effective (9) B- Effective (28) C- Not Effective (5) D- Poor (1) Government send more social workers to talk with drug abuser 5% 7% 21% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 67% A- Very Effective (3) B- Effective (29) C- Not Effective (9) D- Poor (2) 34 Government build more drug rehabilitation centers (戒æ ¯â€™Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ¿Æ') 5% 23% 16% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 56% A- Very Effective (7) B- Effective (24) C- Not Effective (10) D- Poor (2) School provide sources to teachers so as to let them know more about the symptoms of drug abusing 2% 5% Very Effective 30% Effective Not Effective 63% Poor A- Very Effective (2) B- Effective (27) C- Not Effective (13) D- Poor (1) 35 Hold more talks to educate the teenagers at school 2% 9% Very Effective 28% 61% Effective Not Effective Poor Very Effective A(1) B- Effective (26) C- Not Effective (12) DPoor (4) Teacher communicate more with students 0% 9% Very Effective 42% Effective Not Effective 49% Poor A-Very Effective (4) B-Effective (21) C-Not Effective (18) D-Poor (0) 11. Where did you get the information about drugs? 36 Where is your major source of information about drugs come from? 5% 19% Promotion by the government (e.g.: advertisement, leaflets) Books Newspaper 35% 9% Talks Internet Others 23% 9% Promotion by the government (e.g.: advertisement, leaflets) Books (4) Newspaper (10) Talks (4) Internet (15) Others (2) Identities of respondents Submit Time Apr-12-2011 1:33 am Apr-12-2011 01:35 am Apr-12-2011 01:49 am Apr-12-2011 03:57 am Apr-12-2011 12:40 pm Apr-12-2011 12:49 pm Apr-12-2011 04:34 pm Apr-12-2011 05:02 pm Apr-12-2011 06:37 pm Apr-12-2011 06:45 pm Apr-12-2011 07:10 pm Apr-12-2011 07:37 pm Apr-12-2011 08:11 pm 37 (8) IP Address 218.253.118.159 116.48.84.219 61.10.137.36 99.238.61.74 173.58.21.249 113.255.170.79 223.19.184.136 218.102.79.213 116.48.75.180 59.149.153.34 203.185.58.179 113.254.253.200 112.119.248.186 Host Name cm218-253-118-159.hkcable.com.hk n1164884219.netvigator.com cm61-10-137-36.hkcable.com.hk CPE002401e5519f-CM00252eac3ca8.cpe.ne t.cable.rogers.com pool-173-58-21-249.lsanca.fios.verizon.net 113.255.170.79 223.19.184.136 pcd547213.netvigator.com n1164875180.netvigator.com 059149153034.ctinets.com 203185058179.res.dyn.ctinets.com 113.254.253.200 n112119248186.netvigator.com Apr-12-2011 08:25 pm Apr-12-2011 08:44 pm Apr-12-2011 08:47 pm Apr-12-2011 09:06 pm Apr-13-2011 10:46 pm Apr-14-2011 01:38 pm Apr-14-2011 07:24 pm Apr-14-2011 07:35 pm Apr-14-2011 07:54 pm Apr-14-2011 09:57 pm Apr-16-2011 05:51 pm Apr-16-2011 08:01 pm Apr-16-2011 11:59 pm Apr-17-2011 06:00 pm Apr-18-2011 08:49 pm Apr-18-2011 09:07 pm Apr-19-2011 01:13 am Apr-19-2011 03:22 pm Apr-22-2011 09:29 pm Apr-24-2011 02:29 pm Apr-26-2011 04:50 pm Apr-27-2011 06:48 pm Apr-28-2011 12:46 pm Apr-29-2011 03:27 pm Apr-29-2011 06:40 pm Apr-29-2011 11:00 pm Apr-30-2011 12:35 am Apr-30-2011 09:03 pm Apr-30-2011 09:20 pm 1.64.165.238 183.178.233.130 218.102.78.191 183.178.233.130 219.77.191.43 210.0.215.8 219.78.208.104 119.236.24.10 61.15.71.5 119.236.6.158 113.252.34.192 182.152.192.106 61.244.123.197 58.152.150.46 219.77.185.170 218.103.150.72 112.118.163.103 61.18.212.47 203.218.91.96 218.102.80.176 203.218.217.113 1.64.55.82 112.118.142.138 58.152.235.175 112.118.161.164 183.178.233.130 203.223.234.196 116.49.135.19 116.49.87.171 1-64-165-238.static.netvigator.com 183178233130.ctinets.com pcd546191.netvigator.com 183178233130.ctinets.com n219077191043.netvigator.com 210.0.215.8 n219078208104.netvigator.com n11923624010.netvigator.com cm61-15-71-5.hkcable.com.hk n1192366158.netvigator.com 113.252.34.192 m182-152-192-106.smartone-vodafone.com 061244123197.ctinets.com n058152150046.netvigator.com n219077185170.netvigator.com n218103150072.netvigator.com n112118163103.netvigator.com cm61-18-212-47.hkcable.com.hk pcd301096.netvigator.com pcd548176.netvigator.com pcd427113.netvigator.com 1-64-55-082.static.netvigator.com n112118142138.netvigator.com n058152235175.netvigator.com n112118161164.netvigator.com 183178233130.ctinets.com 203.223.234.196 n11649135019.netvigator.com n1164987171.netvigator.com n11649154003.netvigator.com May-01-2011 06:51 pm 116.49.154.3 38 Interview transcripts Date: 10th April, 2011 Time: 5:00p.m.-5:30p.m. Mode of interview: personal interview è ¨ ªÃ¥â€¢ Ã§ ¨ ¿ I:è ¨ ªÃ¥â€¢ Ã¨â‚¬â€¦ K:é ¦ ®Ã¦ µ ·Ã¥â€¦â€™Ã§ ¤ ¾Ã¥ · ¥ I:é ¦ ®Ã¥â€¦Ë†Ã§â€Å¸, ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥  Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¦â€žÅ¸Ã¨ ¬ Ã¤ ½  Ã© ¡ËœÃ¦â€ž Ã¦Å  ½Ã§ © ºÃ¦Å½ ¥Ã¥ â€"我的è ¨ ªÃ¥â€¢ Ã£â‚¬â€š K:ä ¸ Ã§â€ ¨Ã¨ ¬ Ã¯ ¼Å'我ä º ¦Ã¥  Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¦â€žÅ¸Ã¨ ¬ Ã¤ ½  Ã§Å¡â€žÃ©â€šâ‚¬Ã¨ «â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š I:Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ ºâ€¹Ã¤ ¸ Ã¤ ¸â€Ã¨ ¾ ­Ã¯ ¼Å'我們ç «â€¹Ã¥  ³Ã©â€"‹å §â€¹Ã©â‚¬ ²Ã¨ ¡Å'è ¨ ªÃ¥â€¢ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã§â€º ¸Ã¤ ¿ ¡Ã¤ ½  Ã¥ · ²Ã¦ ¸â€¦Ã¦ ¥Å¡Ã¤ »Å Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¨ ¨ ªÃ¥â€¢ Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ ¸ »Ã© ¡Å'æ˜ ¯Ã¦Å"‰éâ€"Å"ä ½  Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ °Ë†Ã¦ ¥ ­, é â€™Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥  ¸Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã¥â€¢ Ã© ¡Å'。é ¦â€"å…ˆ, ä ½  Ã¨ ª Ã§â€š ºÃ© ¦â„¢Ã¦ ¸ ¯Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥  ¸Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã¥â€¢ Ã© ¡Å'æ˜ ¯Ã¥  ¦Ã¥Å¡ ´Ã©â€¡ Ã¥â€˜ ¢Ã¯ ¼Å¸ K: é ¦â„¢Ã¦ ¸ ¯Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥  ¸Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã¥â€¢ Ã© ¡Å'Ã¥  ¯Ã¨ ¬â€šÃ¥Å¡ ´Ã©â€¡ Ã¤ ºâ€ , Ã¥ ° ±Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¨ ª Ã¨ ­ËœÃ§Å¡â€ žÃ¥  ¸Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã© â€™Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ · ²Ã© Å½Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¤ ºâ€ , æ› ´Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ ¦ Ã¨ «â€"å… ¶Ã¤ »â€"ç ¤ ¾Ã¥ · ¥Ã¦â€°â‚¬Ã¨ ª Ã¨ ­ËœÃ§Å¡â€ž ä ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€š I:這ä ¹Å¸Ã§ ®â€"é  â€"åš ´Ã©â€¡ Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ©â€š £Ã¤ ½  Ã¨ ª Ã§â€š ºÃ¥ °Å½Ã¨â€¡ ´Ã© â€™Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥  ¸Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥Å½Å¸Ã¥â€º  Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¤ »â‚¬Ã© º ¼? 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Communicable Diseases

Communicable Disease * Keep in mind all have fever, swollen LN, rash etc. Scarlet Fever: * Cause: Group A beta Hemolytic Streptococcus * Spread via direct contact/droplet * May lead to RF * Uvula/pharynx beefy red; tonsils have white exudate, pinpoint lesions on palate * Sandpaper rash * Pastina Sign: hyperpigmentation at joints * TONGUE (white furry white strawberry strawberry ) * So throat culture if they have strept/sore throat *** Anybody with a sore throat that comes down to school nurse- do not send them back to class, have them sent for throat culture *** Varicella: Infectious before rash and until vesicles crust * kid cant go back to school until vesicles are crusted* Strict isolation (from A. those who haven’t had varicella vaccine B. < 12months of age) * ACUTE PHASE: maculopapular rash turns to vesicle with erythematous base oozes and crusts * Itchy scratch spread/2nd infection * @ Risk for Reye’s Syndrome * Itchiness – give Benadryl * PREVENTION vac cinate Rubeola: (measles) * Koplik spots ( white circumscribed in red in mouth) * May have photophobia – wear sunglasses * PREVENTION: MMR Rubella: * Fever is not marked Birth defects if mother exposed in first trimester * **Tylenol for (fever, pain, H/A) * ISOLATE FROM PREGNANT WOMEN Roseola Infantum: * HHV6 * Rash appears AFTER a DECLINE in fever * At risk for febrile seizures-manage temperature Erythema Enfectiosum: – ISOLATE FROM PREGNANT WOMAN EVEN IF OWN CHILD HAS IT. CAN NOT BE AROUND MOM -â€Å"5th Disease† – spread via droplet, no specific TX -Stage I – â€Å"slap cheek† 1-120days may last; Stage III- RECURRENCE of rash (with exercise temperature change etc) Impetigo:* Group A beta hemolytic STREPT, STAPH AUREUS * Insect bite Contact isolation as long as vesicle present * Lesion begin as honey color serum then yellow to brown crusts * Complication: postreptococcal glomerulonephritis (decrease urine, change color) * Culture vesicle * Children should remain home from school and daycare fo 48 hours until on antibiotics or lesions r dry * PREVENTION: handwashing, child should not touch lesion, don’t share towel etc Pediculosis: * Preschooler at increased risk * All socioeconomic classes * Pedicclosis vs. Dandruff (* can brush dandruff out; ped. Stays in hair when brushing) * Nit ( egg) louse (insect) DO NO JUMP FORM HEAD TO HEAD, spread via direct contact * Part hair, magnify to Dx * Shampoo, disinfect sheets with HOT water, teach not to exchange combs, headgear Scabies: * Happen to anyone* Burrow – leaves debris under skin * Cleanliness is NOT protection * Scabacide Q12h- apply everywhere besides genitalia and face Parastic Infections * Roundworm (GI); Hookworm (human feces); Pinworm (cecum) * PINWORMS: cause intense itching- child doesn’t wash hands- touches door knob etc. * PINWORMS: may be dosplayed as ADHD problem; so itchy PINWORM: Dx by anal scotch tape=lay eggs in anal tissue, examined then by microscope * PINWORM: Vermox; Tx all household members Fungal: Tinea Cruris: jock itch Tinea Pedis: athlete foot Tinea Capitus: ringworm Tinea Corporis: skin ( to tx these use po griseofulvin or OTC fungal cream) Conjunctivitis: -inclusion (newborn), allergic (in response to allergn), gonorrheal (infant passing thru birth canal), bacterial (self limiting, HIGHLY contagious), or via foreign obj (metal) – TX Edema: cold compress; Tx crust: warm compress; don’t want to lay there with warm compress b/c bacterial growth, child don’t rub eyesImmunologic Dysfunction (ANEMIA) * *Incidence: most common hematologic D/O child * *Etiology: decrease reticulocyte count and Hgb * effects amount of Hgb available to carry O2 * activity intolerance: pallor, no energy, fatigue **Takes a while for H&H to decrease so this wouldn’t be first s/s * anemia develops slowly * will have increased HR and cardiac output to compensate * cluster care, frequent rest periods, safety (SICKLE CELL ANEMIA) * defective Hgb molecule that changes RBC shape to sickle cell * PAIN extremeeeeee CRISIS: Sickle cells destroyed by spleen – tangle- hypoxia – tissue eschemia – necrosis * Most common in African American * Decreased life span * Each person has different thing that causes crisis ( weather, temperature, elevation) * S/s develop after 6months because up to 6month fetal Hgb is in use * Crisis Long Term Complications: Heart, lung, kidney brain changes; blood becomes thicker each time * CVA # 1 cause death (complication) b/c cerebral occlusion * 4 crisis: 1.Vaso-occlusive = tangled cells; 2. Aplastic =decreased bone marrow, infection; 3. Acute Sequestration Crisis= massive entrapment of RBC in spleen, hypovolemic shock; 4. Hemolytic = combo glucose 6 and sickle cell * No labs are definitive * No cure†¦treat s/s * Pain control keep hydrated keep away from things that cause crisis * Dx: peripheral smear * Assess all body parts * Monite r I&O, weigh pt

Case Study Research Report - 4708 Words

Running head: CASE STUDY RESEARCH REPORT Case Study Research Report Melva Yousaf Grand Canyon University: RDG 581 August 3, 2011 Introduction The purpose of this study is to find ways to help a child improve their reading test scores. How is it that a child who reads two grades above their level cannot perform well when it comes to taking state assessments? Is it the teacher or is the child playing around when it comes to taking tests? Maybe the child can read really well but does not comprehend what they read and they get nervous during the test, which would also cause them to score low. This child was chosen because he reads at least two to three levels above his grade, but on the Florida†¦show more content†¦Many different reading inventories will be used to determine if there is a problem and intervention plans will also help the child achieve his goal. Methodology The student â€Å"Stanley Clark† will be used as the case study. Stanley is a ten year old fifth grader that attends North County Elementary School. He does well in Reading and reads at an eighth grade level. In the classroom he seems to be hyper active often. It is hard for him to keep quiet and still for a long time period. It is hard for him to focus on a topic if it does not interest him. Outside of the classroom the child is about the same. He has a three year old brother that he still runs around the house and plays with. His mom thinks that he has not matured to his age level yet. On the other hand, she claims that he is always quick to pick up a book and read it. He typically enjoys reading at home and while at school. He is a child that would rather read a book than go outside and play. He can read a two hundred page chapter book like Shiloh in about an hour and a half. He also enjoys reading books to his little brother. This child is an English speaking student. He comes from a very loving family. 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